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[factor.git] / vm / math.cpp
old mode 100755 (executable)
new mode 100644 (file)
index e64db26..ef56d26
 #include "master.hpp"
+#include <sstream>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <stdexcept>
 
-namespace factor
-{
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_to_fixnum()
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(bignum_to_fixnum(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
-}
+namespace factor {
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_to_fixnum()
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(float_to_fixnum(ctx->peek())));
-}
-
-/* Division can only overflow when we are dividing the most negative fixnum
-by -1. */
-void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_divint()
-{
-       fixnum y = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop()); \
-       fixnum x = untag_fixnum(ctx->peek());
-       fixnum result = x / y;
-       if(result == -fixnum_min)
-               ctx->replace(allot_integer(-fixnum_min));
-       else
-               ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(result));
-}
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_divmod()
-{
-       cell y = ((cell *)ctx->datastack)[0];
-       cell x = ((cell *)ctx->datastack)[-1];
-       if(y == tag_fixnum(-1) && x == tag_fixnum(fixnum_min))
-       {
-               ((cell *)ctx->datastack)[-1] = allot_integer(-fixnum_min);
-               ((cell *)ctx->datastack)[0] = tag_fixnum(0);
-       }
-       else
-       {
-               ((cell *)ctx->datastack)[-1] = tag_fixnum(untag_fixnum(x) / untag_fixnum(y));
-               ((cell *)ctx->datastack)[0] = (fixnum)x % (fixnum)y;
-       }
-}
-
-/*
- * If we're shifting right by n bits, we won't overflow as long as none of the
- * high WORD_SIZE-TAG_BITS-n bits are set.
- */
-inline fixnum factor_vm::sign_mask(fixnum x)
-{
-       return x >> (WORD_SIZE - 1);
-}
-
-inline fixnum factor_vm::branchless_max(fixnum x, fixnum y)
-{
-       return (x - ((x - y) & sign_mask(x - y)));
-}
-
-inline fixnum factor_vm::branchless_abs(fixnum x)
-{
-       return (x ^ sign_mask(x)) - sign_mask(x);
-}
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_shift()
-{
-       fixnum y = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
-       fixnum x = untag_fixnum(ctx->peek());
-
-       if(x == 0)
-               return;
-       else if(y < 0)
-       {
-               y = branchless_max(y,-WORD_SIZE + 1);
-               ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(x >> -y));
-               return;
-       }
-       else if(y < WORD_SIZE - TAG_BITS)
-       {
-               fixnum mask = -((fixnum)1 << (WORD_SIZE - 1 - TAG_BITS - y));
-               if(!(branchless_abs(x) & mask))
-               {
-                       ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(x << y));
-                       return;
-               }
-       }
-
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_arithmetic_shift(
-               fixnum_to_bignum(x),y)));
-}
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_to_bignum()
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(fixnum_to_bignum(untag_fixnum(ctx->peek()))));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_to_fixnum() {
+  ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(bignum_to_fixnum(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_to_bignum()
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(float_to_bignum(ctx->peek())));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_to_fixnum_strict() {
+  ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(bignum_to_fixnum_strict(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-#define POP_BIGNUMS(x,y) \
-       bignum * y = untag<bignum>(ctx->pop()); \
-       bignum * x = untag<bignum>(ctx->pop());
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_eq()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(bignum_equal_p(x,y)));
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_to_fixnum() {
+  ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(float_to_fixnum(ctx->peek())));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_add()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_add(x,y)));
+// does not allocate, even though from_signed_cell can allocate
+// Division can only overflow when we are dividing the most negative fixnum
+// by -1.
+void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_divint() {
+  fixnum y = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
+  fixnum x = untag_fixnum(ctx->peek());
+  fixnum result = x / y;
+  if (result == -fixnum_min)
+    // Does not allocate
+    ctx->replace(from_signed_cell(-fixnum_min));
+  else
+    ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(result));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_subtract()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_subtract(x,y)));
+// does not allocate, even though from_signed_cell can allocate
+void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_divmod() {
+  cell* s0 = (cell*)(ctx->datastack);
+  cell* s1 = (cell*)(ctx->datastack - sizeof(cell));
+  fixnum y = untag_fixnum(*s0);
+  fixnum x = untag_fixnum(*s1);
+  if (y == -1 && x == fixnum_min) {
+    // Does not allocate
+    *s1 = from_signed_cell(-fixnum_min);
+    *s0 = tag_fixnum(0);
+  } else {
+    *s1 = tag_fixnum(x / y);
+    *s0 = tag_fixnum(x % y);
+  }
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_multiply()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_multiply(x,y)));
-}
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_divint()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_quotient(x,y)));
+// If we're shifting right by n bits, we won't overflow as long as none of the
+// high WORD_SIZE-TAG_BITS-n bits are set.
+inline fixnum factor_vm::sign_mask(fixnum x) {
+    return x >> (WORD_SIZE - 1);
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_divmod()
-{
-       bignum *q, *r;
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       bignum_divide(x,y,&q,&r);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(q));
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(r));
+inline fixnum factor_vm::branchless_max(fixnum x, fixnum y) {
+  return (x - ((x - y) & sign_mask(x - y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_mod()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_remainder(x,y)));
+inline fixnum factor_vm::branchless_abs(fixnum x) {
+  return (x ^ sign_mask(x)) - sign_mask(x);
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_and()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_and(x,y)));
-}
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_shift() {
+  fixnum y = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
+  fixnum x = untag_fixnum(ctx->peek());
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_or()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_ior(x,y)));
-}
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_xor()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_xor(x,y)));
-}
+  if (x == 0)
+    return;
+  else if (y < 0) {
+    y = branchless_max(y, -WORD_SIZE + 1);
+    ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(x >> -y));
+    return;
+  } else if (y < WORD_SIZE - TAG_BITS) {
+    fixnum mask = -((fixnum)1 << (WORD_SIZE - 1 - TAG_BITS - y));
+    if (!(branchless_abs(x) & mask)) {
+      ctx->replace(tag_fixnum(x << y));
+      return;
+    }
+  }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_shift()
-{
-       fixnum y = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
-       bignum* x = untag<bignum>(ctx->pop());
-       ctx->push(tag<bignum>(bignum_arithmetic_shift(x,y)));
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_arithmetic_shift(fixnum_to_bignum(x), y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_less()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x,y) == bignum_comparison_less));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_to_bignum() {
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(fixnum_to_bignum(untag_fixnum(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_lesseq()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x,y) != bignum_comparison_greater));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_to_bignum() {
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(float_to_bignum(ctx->peek())));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_greater()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x,y) == bignum_comparison_greater));
-}
+#define POP_BIGNUMS(x, y)                \
+  bignum* y = untag<bignum>(ctx->pop()); \
+  bignum* x = untag<bignum>(ctx->peek());
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_greatereq()
-{
-       POP_BIGNUMS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x,y) != bignum_comparison_less));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_eq() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(bignum_equal_p(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_not()
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_not(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_add() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_add(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_bitp()
-{
-       int bit = (int)to_fixnum(ctx->pop());
-       bignum *x = untag<bignum>(ctx->pop());
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(bignum_logbitp(bit,x)));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_subtract() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_subtract(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_log2()
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_integer_length(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_multiply() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_multiply(x, y)));
 }
 
-unsigned int factor_vm::bignum_producer(unsigned int digit)
-{
-       unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char *)alien_offset(ctx->peek());
-       return *(ptr + digit);
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_divint() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_quotient(x, y)));
 }
 
-unsigned int bignum_producer(unsigned int digit, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->bignum_producer(digit);
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_divmod() {
+  cell* s0 = (cell*)(ctx->datastack);
+  cell* s1 = (cell*)(ctx->datastack - sizeof(cell));
+  bignum* y = untag<bignum>(*s0);
+  bignum* x = untag<bignum>(*s1);
+  bignum* q, *r;
+  bignum_divide(x, y, &q, &r);
+  *s1 = tag<bignum>(q);
+  *s0 = bignum_maybe_to_fixnum(r);
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_byte_array_to_bignum()
-{
-       unsigned int n_digits = (unsigned int)array_capacity(untag_check<byte_array>(ctx->peek()));
-       bignum * result = digit_stream_to_bignum(n_digits,factor::bignum_producer,0x100,0);
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(result));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_mod() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  cell val = bignum_maybe_to_fixnum(bignum_remainder(x, y));
+  ctx->replace(val);
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::unbox_array_size_slow()
-{
-       if(tagged<object>(ctx->peek()).type() == BIGNUM_TYPE)
-       {
-               bignum *zero = untag<bignum>(bignum_zero);
-               bignum *max = cell_to_bignum(array_size_max);
-               bignum *n = untag<bignum>(ctx->peek());
-               if(bignum_compare(n,zero) != bignum_comparison_less
-                       && bignum_compare(n,max) == bignum_comparison_less)
-               {
-                       ctx->pop();
-                       return bignum_to_cell(n);
-               }
-       }
-
-       general_error(ERROR_ARRAY_SIZE,ctx->pop(),tag_fixnum(array_size_max));
-       return 0; /* can't happen */
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_gcd() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_gcd(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_to_float()
-{
-       ctx->replace(allot_float(fixnum_to_float(ctx->peek())));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_and() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_and(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_to_float()
-{
-       ctx->replace(allot_float(bignum_to_float(ctx->peek())));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_or() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_ior(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_format_float()
-{
-       byte_array *array = allot_byte_array(100);
-       char *format = alien_offset(ctx->pop());
-       double value = untag_float_check(ctx->pop());
-       SNPRINTF(array->data<char>(),99,format,value);
-       ctx->push(tag<byte_array>(array));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_xor() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_xor(x, y)));
 }
 
-#define POP_FLOATS(x,y) \
-       double y = untag_float(ctx->pop()); \
-       double x = untag_float(ctx->pop());
-
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_eq()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(x == y));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_shift() {
+  fixnum y = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
+  bignum* x = untag<bignum>(ctx->peek());
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_arithmetic_shift(x, y)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_add()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(allot_float(x + y));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_less() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x, y) == BIGNUM_COMPARISON_LESS));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_subtract()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(allot_float(x - y));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_lesseq() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x, y) != BIGNUM_COMPARISON_GREATER));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_multiply()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(allot_float(x * y));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_greater() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x, y) == BIGNUM_COMPARISON_GREATER));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_divfloat()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(allot_float(x / y));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_greatereq() {
+  POP_BIGNUMS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(bignum_compare(x, y) != BIGNUM_COMPARISON_LESS));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_mod()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(allot_float(fmod(x,y)));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_not() {
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_bitwise_not(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_less()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(x < y));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_bitp() {
+  int bit = (int)to_fixnum(ctx->pop());
+  bignum* x = untag<bignum>(ctx->peek());
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(bignum_logbitp(bit, x)));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_lesseq()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(x <= y));
+void factor_vm::primitive_bignum_log2() {
+  ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_integer_length(untag<bignum>(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_greater()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(x > y));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_fixnum_to_float() {
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(fixnum_to_float(ctx->peek())));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_greatereq()
-{
-       POP_FLOATS(x,y);
-       ctx->push(tag_boolean(x >= y));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_format_float() {
+  char* locale = alien_offset(ctx->pop());
+  char* format = alien_offset(ctx->pop());
+  fixnum precision = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
+  fixnum width = untag_fixnum(ctx->pop());
+  char* fill = alien_offset(ctx->pop());
+  double value = untag_float_check(ctx->peek());
+  std::ostringstream localized_stream;
+  try {
+    localized_stream.imbue(std::locale(locale));
+  } catch (const runtime_error&) {
+    byte_array* array = allot_byte_array(0);
+    ctx->replace(tag<byte_array>(array));
+    return;
+  }
+  switch (format[0]) {
+    case 'f': localized_stream << std::fixed; break;
+    case 'e': localized_stream << std::scientific; break;
+  }
+  if (isupper(format[0])) {
+    localized_stream << std::uppercase;
+  }
+  if (fill[0] != '\0') {
+    localized_stream << std::setfill(fill[0]);
+  }
+  if (width >= 0) {
+    localized_stream << std::setw(static_cast<int>(width));
+  }
+  if (precision >= 0) {
+    localized_stream << std::setprecision(static_cast<int>(precision));
+  }
+  localized_stream << value;
+  const std::string& tmp = localized_stream.str();
+  const char* cstr = tmp.c_str();
+  size_t size = tmp.length();
+  byte_array* array = allot_byte_array(size);
+  memcpy(array->data<char>(), cstr, size);
+  ctx->replace(tag<byte_array>(array));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_float_bits()
-{
-       ctx->push(from_unsigned_4(float_bits((float)untag_float_check(ctx->pop()))));
-}
+#define POP_FLOATS(x, y)              \
+  double y = untag_float(ctx->pop()); \
+  double x = untag_float(ctx->peek());
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bits_float()
-{
-       ctx->push(allot_float(bits_float((u32)to_cell(ctx->pop()))));
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_eq() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(x == y));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_double_bits()
-{
-       ctx->push(from_unsigned_8(double_bits(untag_float_check(ctx->pop()))));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_add() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(x + y));
 }
 
-void factor_vm::primitive_bits_double()
-{
-       ctx->push(allot_float(bits_double(to_unsigned_8(ctx->pop()))));
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_subtract() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(x - y));
 }
 
-/* Cannot allocate */
-fixnum factor_vm::to_fixnum(cell tagged)
-{
-       switch(TAG(tagged))
-       {
-       case FIXNUM_TYPE:
-               return untag_fixnum(tagged);
-       case BIGNUM_TYPE:
-               return bignum_to_fixnum(untag<bignum>(tagged));
-       default:
-               type_error(FIXNUM_TYPE,tagged);
-               return 0; /* can't happen */
-       }
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_multiply() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(x * y));
 }
 
-VM_C_API fixnum to_fixnum(cell tagged, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->to_fixnum(tagged);
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_divfloat() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(x / y));
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::to_cell(cell tagged)
-{
-       return (cell)to_fixnum(tagged);
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_less() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(x < y));
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell to_cell(cell tagged, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->to_cell(tagged);
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_lesseq() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(x <= y));
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_signed_1(s8 n)
-{
-       return tag_fixnum(n);
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_greater() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(x > y));
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_signed_1(s8 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_signed_1(n);
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_greatereq() {
+  POP_FLOATS(x, y);
+  ctx->replace(tag_boolean(x >= y));
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_unsigned_1(u8 n)
-{
-       return tag_fixnum(n);
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_float_bits() {
+  ctx->replace(
+      from_unsigned_cell(float_bits((float)untag_float_check(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_1(u8 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_unsigned_1(n);
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bits_float() {
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(bits_float((uint32_t)to_cell(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_signed_2(s16 n)
-{
-       return tag_fixnum(n);
+void factor_vm::primitive_double_bits() {
+  ctx->replace(from_unsigned_8(double_bits(untag_float_check(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_signed_2(s16 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_signed_2(n);
+// Allocates memory
+void factor_vm::primitive_bits_double() {
+  ctx->replace(allot_float(bits_double(to_unsigned_8(ctx->peek()))));
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_unsigned_2(u16 n)
-{
-       return tag_fixnum(n);
-}
+// Cannot allocate.
+#define CELL_TO_FOO(name, type, converter)              \
+  type factor_vm::name(cell tagged) {                   \
+    switch (TAG(tagged)) {                              \
+      case FIXNUM_TYPE:                                 \
+        return (type)untag_fixnum(tagged);              \
+      case BIGNUM_TYPE:                                 \
+        return converter(untag<bignum>(tagged));        \
+      default:                                          \
+        type_error(FIXNUM_TYPE, tagged);                \
+        return 0; /* can't happen */                    \
+    }                                                   \
+  }                                                     \
+  VM_C_API type name(cell tagged, factor_vm* parent) {  \
+    return parent->name(tagged);                        \
+  }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_2(u16 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_unsigned_2(n);
-}
+CELL_TO_FOO(to_fixnum, fixnum, bignum_to_fixnum)
+CELL_TO_FOO(to_fixnum_strict, fixnum, bignum_to_fixnum_strict)
+CELL_TO_FOO(to_cell, cell, bignum_to_cell)
+CELL_TO_FOO(to_signed_8, int64_t, bignum_to_long_long)
+CELL_TO_FOO(to_unsigned_8, uint64_t, bignum_to_ulong_long)
 
-cell factor_vm::from_signed_4(s32 n)
-{
-       return allot_integer(n);
+// Allocates memory
+VM_C_API cell from_signed_cell(fixnum integer, factor_vm* parent) {
+  return parent->from_signed_cell(integer);
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_signed_4(s32 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_signed_4(n);
+// Allocates memory
+VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_cell(cell integer, factor_vm* parent) {
+  return parent->from_unsigned_cell(integer);
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_unsigned_4(u32 n)
-{
-       return allot_cell(n);
+// Allocates memory
+cell factor_vm::from_signed_8(int64_t n) {
+  if (n < fixnum_min || n > fixnum_max)
+    return tag<bignum>(long_long_to_bignum(n));
+  else
+    return tag_fixnum((fixnum)n);
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_4(u32 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_unsigned_4(n);
+VM_C_API cell from_signed_8(int64_t n, factor_vm* parent) {
+  return parent->from_signed_8(n);
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_signed_cell(fixnum integer)
-{
-       return allot_integer(integer);
+// Allocates memory
+cell factor_vm::from_unsigned_8(uint64_t n) {
+  if (n > (uint64_t)fixnum_max)
+    return tag<bignum>(ulong_long_to_bignum(n));
+  else
+    return tag_fixnum((fixnum)n);
 }
 
-cell factor_vm::from_unsigned_cell(cell integer)
-{
-       return allot_cell(integer);
+VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_8(uint64_t n, factor_vm* parent) {
+  return parent->from_unsigned_8(n);
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_signed_cell(fixnum integer, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_signed_cell(integer);
+// Cannot allocate
+float factor_vm::to_float(cell value) {
+  return (float)untag_float_check(value);
 }
 
-VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_cell(cell integer, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_unsigned_cell(integer);
-}
-
-cell factor_vm::from_signed_8(s64 n)
-{
-       if(n < fixnum_min || n > fixnum_max)
-               return tag<bignum>(long_long_to_bignum(n));
-       else
-               return tag_fixnum((fixnum)n);
-}
-
-VM_C_API cell from_signed_8(s64 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_signed_8(n);
-}
-
-/* Cannot allocate */
-s64 factor_vm::to_signed_8(cell obj)
-{
-       switch(tagged<object>(obj).type())
-       {
-       case FIXNUM_TYPE:
-               return untag_fixnum(obj);
-       case BIGNUM_TYPE:
-               return bignum_to_long_long(untag<bignum>(obj));
-       default:
-               type_error(BIGNUM_TYPE,obj);
-               return 0;
-       }
-}
-
-VM_C_API s64 to_signed_8(cell obj, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->to_signed_8(obj);
-}
-
-cell factor_vm::from_unsigned_8(u64 n)
-{
-       if(n > (u64)fixnum_max)
-               return tag<bignum>(ulong_long_to_bignum(n));
-       else
-               return tag_fixnum((fixnum)n);
-}
-
-VM_C_API cell from_unsigned_8(u64 n, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->from_unsigned_8(n);
-}
-
-/* Cannot allocate */
-u64 factor_vm::to_unsigned_8(cell obj)
-{
-       switch(tagged<object>(obj).type())
-       {
-       case FIXNUM_TYPE:
-               return untag_fixnum(obj);
-       case BIGNUM_TYPE:
-               return bignum_to_ulong_long(untag<bignum>(obj));
-       default:
-               type_error(BIGNUM_TYPE,obj);
-               return 0;
-       }
-}
-
-VM_C_API u64 to_unsigned_8(cell obj, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->to_unsigned_8(obj);
-}
-VM_C_API cell from_float(float flo, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->allot_float(flo);
-}
-
-/* Cannot allocate */
-float factor_vm::to_float(cell value)
-{
-       return (float)untag_float_check(value);
-}
-
-VM_C_API float to_float(cell value, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->to_float(value);
-}
-
-VM_C_API cell from_double(double flo, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->allot_float(flo);
-}
-
-/* Cannot allocate */
-double factor_vm::to_double(cell value)
-{
-       return untag_float_check(value);
-}
-
-VM_C_API double to_double(cell value, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       return parent->to_double(value);
-}
+// Cannot allocate
+double factor_vm::to_double(cell value) { return untag_float_check(value); }
 
-/* The fixnum+, fixnum- and fixnum* primitives are defined in cpu_*.S. On
-overflow, they call these functions. */
-inline void factor_vm::overflow_fixnum_add(fixnum x, fixnum y)
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(fixnum_to_bignum(
-               untag_fixnum(x) + untag_fixnum(y))));
+// The fixnum+, fixnum- and fixnum* primitives are defined in cpu_*.S. On
+// overflow, they call these functions.
+// Allocates memory
+inline void factor_vm::overflow_fixnum_add(fixnum x, fixnum y) {
+  ctx->replace(
+      tag<bignum>(fixnum_to_bignum(untag_fixnum(x) + untag_fixnum(y))));
 }
 
-VM_C_API void overflow_fixnum_add(fixnum x, fixnum y, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       parent->overflow_fixnum_add(x,y);
+VM_C_API void overflow_fixnum_add(fixnum x, fixnum y, factor_vm* parent) {
+  parent->overflow_fixnum_add(x, y);
 }
 
-inline void factor_vm::overflow_fixnum_subtract(fixnum x, fixnum y)
-{
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(fixnum_to_bignum(
-               untag_fixnum(x) - untag_fixnum(y))));
+// Allocates memory
+inline void factor_vm::overflow_fixnum_subtract(fixnum x, fixnum y) {
+  ctx->replace(
+      tag<bignum>(fixnum_to_bignum(untag_fixnum(x) - untag_fixnum(y))));
 }
 
-VM_C_API void overflow_fixnum_subtract(fixnum x, fixnum y, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       parent->overflow_fixnum_subtract(x,y);
+VM_C_API void overflow_fixnum_subtract(fixnum x, fixnum y, factor_vm* parent) {
+  parent->overflow_fixnum_subtract(x, y);
 }
 
-inline void factor_vm::overflow_fixnum_multiply(fixnum x, fixnum y)
-{
-       bignum *bx = fixnum_to_bignum(x);
-       GC_BIGNUM(bx);
-       bignum *by = fixnum_to_bignum(y);
-       GC_BIGNUM(by);
-       ctx->replace(tag<bignum>(bignum_multiply(bx,by)));
+// Allocates memory
+inline void factor_vm::overflow_fixnum_multiply(fixnum x, fixnum y) {
+  data_root<bignum> bx(fixnum_to_bignum(x), this);
+  data_root<bignum> by(fixnum_to_bignum(y), this);
+  cell ret = tag<bignum>(bignum_multiply(bx.untagged(), by.untagged()));
+  ctx->replace(ret);
 }
 
-VM_C_API void overflow_fixnum_multiply(fixnum x, fixnum y, factor_vm *parent)
-{
-       parent->overflow_fixnum_multiply(x,y);
+VM_C_API void overflow_fixnum_multiply(fixnum x, fixnum y, factor_vm* parent) {
+  parent->overflow_fixnum_multiply(x, y);
 }
 
 }