1 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00s 1:00 D
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00s 1:00 D
25 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
32 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
33 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
34 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
35 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
36 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
37 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
38 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
39 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
40 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
41 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
42 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
43 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
46 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
51 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
52 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
53 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
54 # Queensland ceased to.
56 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
57 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
58 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
59 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
62 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
63 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
64 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
65 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
66 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
67 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
68 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
70 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
71 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
72 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
73 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
74 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
75 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
76 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
77 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
80 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
82 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
86 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
87 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
88 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
89 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
90 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
91 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
95 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
96 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
97 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
98 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
99 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
100 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
101 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
102 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
103 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
110 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
111 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
112 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
114 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
115 Rule AT 1916 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
116 Rule AT 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
117 Rule AT 1917 1918 - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
118 Rule AT 1918 1919 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
119 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
120 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar Sun>=29 2:00s 0 S
121 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
122 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
123 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
124 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
125 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
127 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
128 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
129 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
130 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
131 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
132 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
133 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
134 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
135 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
136 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
137 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
138 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
139 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
140 10:00 AT AE%sT 1919 Oct 24
145 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
146 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
147 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
148 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
149 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
150 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
151 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
152 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
154 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
155 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
156 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
157 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
158 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
159 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
160 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
161 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
166 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
167 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
168 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
169 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
170 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
171 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
173 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
174 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
175 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
177 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
178 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
179 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
180 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
181 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
182 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
183 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
184 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
187 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
195 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
196 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
197 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
198 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
199 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
200 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
201 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
204 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
205 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
206 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
207 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
208 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
209 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
210 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
211 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
212 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
215 # Australian miscellany
217 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
218 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
222 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
226 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
227 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
228 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
229 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
230 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
231 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
233 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
234 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
235 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
236 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
239 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
240 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
241 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
242 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
243 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
244 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
245 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
246 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
247 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
256 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
258 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
259 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
260 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
262 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
263 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
264 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
266 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
267 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
269 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
271 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
272 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
273 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
274 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
275 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
278 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
280 # A bit more background info here:
281 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
283 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
284 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
285 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
286 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
287 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
288 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
289 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
291 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
292 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
293 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
295 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
297 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
298 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
299 # 2am on February 26 next year.
301 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
302 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
303 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
305 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
308 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
309 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
310 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
311 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
313 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
314 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
315 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
316 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
317 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
319 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
320 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
321 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
322 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
324 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
325 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
326 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-(1).aspx
328 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
329 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
330 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
332 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
333 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
334 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
335 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
336 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
337 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
339 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
340 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
341 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
342 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
343 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
345 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
346 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
347 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
348 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
350 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
351 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
352 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
354 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
355 # Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
356 # (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
357 # Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
358 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
359 # the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly
360 # depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
361 # transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
362 # than guessing no DST.
363 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
364 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848
366 # From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
367 # [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
368 # From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
369 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
370 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
371 # https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
372 # "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
373 # stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
374 # start and end. Bala says it is a short period..."
376 # From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan
378 # https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21
379 # https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/
380 # In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in
381 # Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the
382 # suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process
383 # of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight
384 # Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of
385 # scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be
386 # concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
387 # thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
390 # From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27):
391 # Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change
392 # in Fiji for 2022-2023....
393 # https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl
395 # From Paul Eggert (2022-10-27):
396 # For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely.
398 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
399 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
400 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
401 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 -
402 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
403 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 -
404 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
405 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
406 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
407 Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
408 Rule Fiji 2015 2021 - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 -
409 Rule Fiji 2019 only - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 -
410 Rule Fiji 2020 only - Dec 20 2:00 1:00 -
411 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
412 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
416 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
419 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
421 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
423 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
430 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
431 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
432 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
433 Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D
434 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
435 Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S
436 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
437 Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D
438 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
439 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S
440 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
441 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D
442 Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S
443 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
444 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
445 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
446 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
447 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
448 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
449 Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D
450 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
451 Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S
452 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
453 Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D
454 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
455 Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S
456 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
457 Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D
458 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
459 Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S
461 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
462 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
463 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
464 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam
465 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31
466 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23
467 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
470 # Kiribati (Gilbert Is)
475 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
476 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
479 # Kiribati (except Gilbert Is)
480 # See Pacific/Tarawa for the Gilbert Is.
481 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
482 Zone Pacific/Kanton 0 - -00 1937 Aug 31
483 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
484 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31
486 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
487 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
488 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31
492 # See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations.
493 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
494 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
496 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
497 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6
499 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00
503 # For Chuuk and Yap see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
504 # For Pohnpei see Pacific/Guadalcanal.
505 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
506 Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
509 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
511 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
518 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
519 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
520 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29
521 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8
522 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00
526 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
527 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 -
528 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
529 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 -
530 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
531 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
532 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
533 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
537 ###############################################################################
540 # McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time.
542 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
543 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
544 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
545 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
546 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
547 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
548 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
549 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
550 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
551 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
552 # transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
553 # time to percolate out.
554 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
555 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
556 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
557 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 -
558 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
559 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
560 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
561 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
562 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
563 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 -
564 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
565 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
566 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
567 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 -
568 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
569 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
570 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
571 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
572 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
573 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
574 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
577 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
578 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
579 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
582 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
583 # and scientific personnel have wintered
586 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
587 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
588 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
589 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
593 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
594 # In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar.
595 # According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of
596 # the International Date line, when they came from Sydney.
597 # Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead....
598 # http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html
599 # ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900
600 # https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3
603 # From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24):
604 # ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at
605 # http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/
606 # "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the
607 # Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island."
608 # so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915.
609 # This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ...
610 # http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/
611 # "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook
612 # Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were
613 # situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes
614 # West of Greenwich. (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be
615 # determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and
616 # seventy degrees West of Greenwich."
617 # This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it
618 # applies since 1952-10-16. But there is the possibility that the act just
619 # legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of
620 # 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19.
622 # From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24):
623 # Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
625 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
626 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 -
627 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
628 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 -
629 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
630 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga 13:20:56 - LMT 1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
631 -10:39:04 - LMT 1952 Oct 16
632 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
633 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930
635 ###############################################################################
639 # See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition.
641 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
642 # Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
643 # Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
644 # Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
645 # Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
646 # Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.
648 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
649 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 # Alofi
650 -11:20 - -1120 1964 Jul
654 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
655 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
657 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s
658 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s
659 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s
664 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
665 Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror
670 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
672 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
675 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
676 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
677 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
679 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
680 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
681 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
682 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
683 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
684 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
685 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
687 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
688 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
690 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
692 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
695 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
696 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
700 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
701 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
702 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
707 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
709 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
711 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
713 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
714 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
715 # the following info:
717 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
718 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
719 # Sunday of April 2011."
722 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
724 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
726 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20(English)%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
728 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
730 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
731 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
732 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
733 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
734 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
736 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
737 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
739 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
740 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
741 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
742 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
744 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
745 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
747 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
749 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
750 # The International Date Line Act 2011
751 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
752 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
753 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
756 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
757 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
759 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
762 # Year End Time Start Time
763 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
764 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
766 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
767 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
768 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
770 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
771 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
772 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
773 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
775 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
776 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
777 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
779 # From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20):
780 # https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf
781 # DST has been cancelled for this year.
783 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
784 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 -
785 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 -
786 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 -
787 Rule WS 2012 2021 - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
788 Rule WS 2012 2020 - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 -
789 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
790 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
793 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
797 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
798 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
799 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
804 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
805 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
806 # December 31 this year ...
808 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
809 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
810 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
811 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
812 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
814 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
815 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
816 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
817 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
818 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
819 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
821 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
822 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
823 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
827 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
828 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 -
829 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
830 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
831 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
832 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
833 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
834 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
835 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:12 - LMT 1945 Sep 10
841 # US minor outlying islands
844 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
845 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
846 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
847 # uninhabited thereafter.
848 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
849 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
850 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
851 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
852 # until they were abandoned after the war.
855 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
856 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
857 # uninhabited thereafter.
858 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
862 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
863 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
864 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
865 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
866 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
868 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
869 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
870 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
871 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
872 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
874 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
875 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
876 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
877 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
878 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
879 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
880 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
881 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
882 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
883 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
884 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
891 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
896 # From P Chan (2020-11-27):
897 # Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973
898 # New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973
899 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15
901 # Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974
902 # New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974
903 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11
905 # Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01]
906 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48
908 # Summer Time Act (Cap 157)
909 # Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988
910 # http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html
912 # Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11]
913 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/
915 # Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03]
916 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59
918 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
919 Rule Vanuatu 1973 only - Dec 22 12:00u 1:00 -
920 Rule Vanuatu 1974 only - Mar 30 12:00u 0 -
921 Rule Vanuatu 1983 1991 - Sep Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 -
922 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sat>=22 24:00 0 -
923 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sat>=22 24:00 0 -
924 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 -
925 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
926 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
927 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
929 ###############################################################################
933 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
934 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
935 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
936 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
938 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
940 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
941 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
942 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
943 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
945 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
946 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
947 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
948 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
949 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
950 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
952 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
953 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
954 # I found in the UCLA library.
956 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
957 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
958 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
960 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
961 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
963 # I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
964 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
965 # Corrections are welcome!
967 # LMT Local Mean Time
968 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
969 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
970 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
971 # 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000
972 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
973 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
974 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
978 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
979 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
981 ###############################################################################
985 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
986 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
987 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
988 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
989 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
990 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
991 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
992 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
993 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
994 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
995 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
996 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
998 # From P Chan (2020-11-20):
999 # Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01]
1000 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/
1002 # Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25]
1003 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/
1005 # Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24]
1006 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323
1008 # Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10]
1009 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392
1011 # Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29]
1012 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241
1014 # All transition times should be 02:00 standard time.
1017 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
1018 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
1019 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
1020 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
1022 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
1023 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
1024 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
1025 # covers New South Wales in particular.
1027 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1028 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
1029 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
1030 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
1031 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
1032 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
1033 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
1034 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
1035 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
1037 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
1038 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
1039 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
1040 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
1041 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
1042 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
1043 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
1045 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
1047 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
1048 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
1049 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
1050 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
1051 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
1052 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
1053 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
1054 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
1055 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
1056 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
1057 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
1058 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
1060 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
1061 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
1062 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
1063 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
1064 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
1065 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
1066 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
1067 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1068 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
1069 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
1071 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1072 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
1074 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
1075 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
1076 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
1077 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
1079 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
1080 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
1082 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
1083 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
1084 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
1085 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
1086 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
1087 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
1088 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
1090 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
1091 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
1092 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
1093 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
1094 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
1095 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
1096 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
1097 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
1098 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
1099 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
1100 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
1101 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
1102 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
1103 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
1105 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
1107 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
1108 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
1109 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
1110 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1112 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
1113 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
1114 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
1116 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
1117 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
1118 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
1120 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
1121 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
1122 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1124 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
1125 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
1126 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
1128 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
1129 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1130 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1131 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1132 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1133 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
1135 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1136 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1137 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1138 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1139 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1140 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1141 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
1142 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1143 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1145 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1146 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1147 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1148 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1149 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1150 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1151 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1153 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1155 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1156 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1157 # relevant entries in this database.
1159 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1160 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1161 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1163 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1164 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1166 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1167 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1169 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1170 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1171 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1172 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1173 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1175 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1176 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1177 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1178 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1179 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1180 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1181 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1182 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1184 # But not Queensland
1185 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1187 # Northern Territory
1189 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1190 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1192 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1194 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1196 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1197 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1198 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1202 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1203 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1205 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1206 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1207 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1208 # # before reaching parliament.
1210 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1212 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1213 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1214 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1215 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1217 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1218 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1219 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1221 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1222 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1223 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1225 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1228 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1229 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1230 # it matches what was used in the past.
1232 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1233 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1234 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1235 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1237 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
1238 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
1239 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
1240 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption
1241 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
1242 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See:
1243 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
1244 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
1245 # [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."]
1249 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
1250 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
1251 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
1252 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
1253 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
1255 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1256 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1259 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1261 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1262 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1263 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1264 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1266 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1267 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1270 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1271 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1272 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1273 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1275 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1276 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1277 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1280 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1281 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1282 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1284 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1285 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1288 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1289 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1291 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1292 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1293 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1294 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1296 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1297 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1298 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1299 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1300 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1301 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1302 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1303 # Australia and Western Australia....
1305 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1306 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1307 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1308 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1310 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1311 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1312 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1313 # coast of the continent.
1315 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1316 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1317 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1318 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1319 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1321 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1322 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1323 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1324 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1327 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1328 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1329 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1330 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1332 # From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
1333 # https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
1334 # ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
1335 # "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
1336 # roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
1337 # ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
1338 # since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
1339 # From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
1340 # That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
1341 # Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
1342 # phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
1343 # way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
1344 # Texta is the word: 'Why'?
1345 # "Good question," Mr Pike said.
1346 # "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."
1348 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1349 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1350 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1353 # southeast Australia
1355 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1356 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1357 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1358 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1363 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1364 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1365 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1366 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1368 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1369 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1372 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1374 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1375 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1376 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1377 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1379 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1380 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1381 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1382 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1384 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1385 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1386 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1387 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1390 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1391 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1392 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1393 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1395 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1396 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1397 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1398 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1400 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1401 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1402 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1403 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1405 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1406 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1410 # From P Chan (2020-11-20):
1411 # Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919.
1413 # Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22]
1414 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/
1416 # Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01]
1417 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/
1419 # Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24]
1420 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/
1422 # King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act.
1423 # Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69.
1425 # Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22]
1426 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/
1428 # Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15]
1429 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/
1431 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1432 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1433 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1436 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1437 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1438 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1439 # (but nothing new about that).
1441 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1442 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1443 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1444 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1445 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1446 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1448 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1449 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1451 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1452 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1456 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1457 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1458 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1461 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1462 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1463 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1464 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1465 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1466 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1468 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1469 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1470 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1471 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1472 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1475 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1476 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1477 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1478 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1480 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1481 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1483 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1484 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1488 # From Arthur David Olson:
1489 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1490 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1492 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1493 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1494 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1495 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1496 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1497 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1499 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1500 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1501 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1502 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1503 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1505 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1506 # See the following official NSW source:
1507 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1508 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1510 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1511 # daylight saving next year. See:
1512 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1513 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1514 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1516 # Victoria will follow NSW. See:
1517 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1518 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1520 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1521 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1522 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1524 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1525 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1526 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1527 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1528 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1529 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1530 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1531 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1532 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1534 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1535 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1536 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1538 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1539 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1540 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1542 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1543 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1544 # towns to use Queensland time.
1546 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1547 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1551 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1552 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1554 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1555 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1558 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1559 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1560 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1561 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1562 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1563 # # presently available.
1564 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1566 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1567 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1568 # [followed by other Rules]
1572 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1573 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1575 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1576 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1578 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1579 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1580 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1581 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1582 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1583 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1584 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1585 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1586 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1587 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1589 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1590 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1591 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1592 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1593 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1594 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1596 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1597 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1598 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1600 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1601 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1603 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1604 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1605 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1606 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1609 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1610 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1611 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1612 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1613 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1614 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1615 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1616 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1618 # We have a wrap-up here:
1619 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1620 ###############################################################################
1624 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1625 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1626 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1627 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1628 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1630 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1631 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1632 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1633 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1636 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1637 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1638 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1639 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1641 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1642 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1644 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1645 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1646 # rather than the October 1 value.
1648 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1649 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1650 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1651 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1652 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1653 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1655 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1656 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1657 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1658 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1660 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1661 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1662 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1664 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1665 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1666 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1667 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1668 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1670 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1671 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1672 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1673 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1674 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1675 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1676 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1677 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1678 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1679 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1680 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1681 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1683 ###############################################################################
1686 # Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)
1688 # From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
1689 # National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
1690 # officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
1691 # According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
1692 # + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
1693 # at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
1694 # I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
1695 # synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
1696 # decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
1698 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時
1700 # From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
1701 # Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
1702 # to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
1703 # rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
1704 # Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
1705 # ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
1706 # regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
1707 # in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that
1708 # the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
1709 # coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
1710 # hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some
1711 # sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
1712 # incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental
1713 # report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
1714 # Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
1715 # Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
1716 # island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
1717 # (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
1718 # Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
1719 # and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.
1724 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1725 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1726 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1728 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1729 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1730 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1731 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1733 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1734 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1736 # From the BBC World Service in
1737 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1738 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1739 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1740 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1741 # of the new millennium.
1743 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1744 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1749 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1750 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1751 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1752 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1754 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
1755 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
1756 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
1757 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
1758 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
1759 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
1763 # From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
1764 # Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated
1765 # island. (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".)
1766 # Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators
1767 # <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>;
1768 # Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to
1769 # establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the
1770 # next war. Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial
1771 # airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently
1772 # for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the
1773 # airfield for high-end niche tourism. Kanton has about two dozen
1774 # people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5
1775 # year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures
1776 # <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.
1780 # From an AP article (1993-08-22):
1781 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
1782 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were
1783 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
1784 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
1785 # one side of the international date line to the other."
1786 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
1787 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
1789 # From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):
1790 # Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
1791 # citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
1792 # Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
1793 # However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this. The article
1794 # says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
1795 # Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test
1796 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was
1797 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground"
1798 # <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
1799 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
1800 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
1803 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1805 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1806 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
1807 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
1808 # period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
1809 # that period of time like the surrounding area.
1811 # From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
1812 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1813 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1814 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1815 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1818 # Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
1819 # and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern
1820 # Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
1821 # they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
1823 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1824 # under the name "Chamorro standard time". There is no official abbreviation,
1825 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1826 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1828 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
1832 # See the commentary for Micronesia.
1835 # Micronesia (and nearby)
1837 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1838 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
1839 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
1841 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1842 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1843 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1844 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1845 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1846 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1848 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1850 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
1852 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
1853 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
1855 # A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
1856 # who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
1857 # of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been
1858 # implemented (yet). No further information after that were found.
1860 # Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
1861 # instructed to use JST at the time.
1863 # 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
1864 # the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
1865 # longitude of the atoll.
1866 # 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
1867 # February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
1868 # However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
1869 # probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
1870 # is if they keep their own time back then)
1872 # In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
1873 # into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
1874 # +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
1875 # year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
1876 # force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
1877 # time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
1878 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
1879 # (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1880 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
1881 # administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
1882 # * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
1883 # administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
1884 # * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
1885 # formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
1886 # governance structure have been established, these district [become
1887 # subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
1889 # * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
1890 # occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
1891 # Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
1892 # subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
1893 # subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
1894 # starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
1897 # And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
1898 # area into 2 timezones:
1899 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
1900 # Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1901 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
1902 # Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
1905 # Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
1906 # standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
1907 # of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
1909 # Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
1910 # island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
1911 # period of time....
1913 # After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
1914 # (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
1915 # different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
1916 # time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
1918 # After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
1919 # under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some
1920 # American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
1921 # area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
1922 # information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
1923 # information can be found.
1926 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1928 # For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
1929 # plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information
1930 # for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
1932 # The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
1933 # done, so omit it from the data for now.
1935 # The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
1940 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1941 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1942 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1943 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1944 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1945 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1946 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1947 # air at 6am your time.
1949 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1950 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1951 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1952 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1956 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
1957 # Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
1958 # switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
1959 # However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
1960 # showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
1961 # And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
1963 # The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
1964 # http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
1965 # based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
1966 # http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
1967 # Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
1969 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
1970 # The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
1971 # "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
1972 # page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by
1973 # Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
1974 # 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
1975 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
1979 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1980 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1981 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1982 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1983 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1985 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
1986 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1987 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1988 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1989 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1990 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1991 # However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
1992 # timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
1993 # (thanks to Michael Deckers).
1995 # Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
1996 # From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
1997 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
1998 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
1999 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010
2002 # See commentary for Micronesia.
2006 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
2007 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
2008 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
2010 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
2011 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
2012 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
2014 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
2015 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
2016 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
2018 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
2019 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
2022 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
2023 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
2024 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
2025 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
2028 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
2030 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
2031 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
2032 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
2033 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
2034 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
2035 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
2036 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
2038 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
2039 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
2040 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
2041 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
2042 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
2043 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
2044 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
2045 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
2050 # From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04):
2051 # In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast
2052 # on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic
2053 # Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360.
2055 # From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03):
2056 # [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity".
2057 # Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]:
2058 # On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours,
2059 # 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich.
2061 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
2062 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
2063 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
2064 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
2066 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
2067 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
2068 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
2070 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
2071 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
2072 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
2073 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
2074 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
2075 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
2077 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
2078 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
2079 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
2081 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
2082 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
2083 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
2084 # minutes we have lost?"
2086 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
2087 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
2088 # to say your prayers in the morning."
2090 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael
2091 # Deckers (2021-03-03):
2092 # Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks &
2093 # Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01.
2095 # The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times,
2096 # which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961:
2097 # Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19
2098 # Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19
2099 # (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.)
2100 # This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time
2101 # has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further
2102 # writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on
2103 # 1960-10-19. (p. 255)
2105 # Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to
2106 # a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in
2107 # 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with
2108 # this over Shanks & Pottenger.
2110 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
2111 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
2112 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
2113 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
2114 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
2117 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2118 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
2120 # I was given this link by John Letts:
2121 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
2123 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
2124 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
2125 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
2126 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
2128 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
2129 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
2130 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
2131 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
2132 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
2133 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
2134 # set back an hour on the closing date."
2135 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
2137 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
2138 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
2139 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
2141 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
2142 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
2143 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
2144 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
2145 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
2146 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
2147 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
2149 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
2150 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
2152 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
2153 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
2154 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
2155 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
2158 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
2159 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
2161 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
2162 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
2163 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
2164 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
2166 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
2167 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
2168 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
2170 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
2171 # In August government was dissolved by the King. The current prime minister
2172 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
2173 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
2175 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
2176 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
2179 ###############################################################################
2181 # The International Date Line
2183 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
2185 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
2186 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
2187 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
2188 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
2190 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
2191 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
2192 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
2193 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
2194 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
2195 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
2196 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
2197 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
2198 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
2199 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
2200 # correct date is ambiguous.
2202 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time> (2023-01-23):
2203 # The nautical time zone system is analogous to the terrestrial time zone
2204 # system for use on high seas. Under the system time changes are required for
2205 # changes of longitude in one-hour steps. The one-hour step corresponds to a
2206 # time zone width of 15° longitude. The 15° gore that is offset from GMT or
2207 # UT1 (not UTC) by twelve hours is bisected by the nautical date line into two
2208 # 7°30' gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours. A nautical date line is
2209 # implied but not explicitly drawn on time zone maps. It follows the 180th
2210 # meridian except where it is interrupted by territorial waters adjacent to
2211 # land, forming gaps: it is a pole-to-pole dashed line.
2213 # From Paul Eggert (2023-01-23):
2214 # The American Practical Navigator <https://msi.nga.mil/Publications/APN>,
2215 # 2019 edition, merely says that the International Date Line
2216 # "coincides with the 180th meridian over most of its length."
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