1 # tzdb data for Australasia and environs, and for much of the Pacific
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00s 1:00 D
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00s 1:00 D
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00s 1:00 D
25 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
32 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
33 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
34 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
35 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
36 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
37 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
38 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
39 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
40 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
41 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
42 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
43 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
46 8:45 Aus +0845/+0945 1943 Jul
51 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
52 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
53 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
54 # Queensland ceased to.
56 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
57 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
58 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
59 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
62 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
63 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
64 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
65 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
66 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
67 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
68 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
70 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
71 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
72 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
73 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
74 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
75 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
76 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
77 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
80 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
82 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
86 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
87 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
88 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
89 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
90 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
91 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
92 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
93 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
94 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
95 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
96 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
97 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
98 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
99 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
100 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
101 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
102 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
103 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
110 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
111 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
112 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
114 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
115 Rule AT 1916 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
116 Rule AT 1917 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
117 Rule AT 1917 1918 - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
118 Rule AT 1918 1919 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
119 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
120 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar Sun>=29 2:00s 0 S
121 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
122 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
123 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
124 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
125 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
126 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
127 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
128 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
129 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
130 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
131 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
132 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
133 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
134 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
135 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
136 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
137 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
138 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
139 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
140 10:00 AT AE%sT 1919 Oct 24
145 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
146 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
147 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
148 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
149 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
150 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
151 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
152 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
153 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
154 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
155 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
156 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
157 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
158 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
159 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
160 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
161 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
166 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
167 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
168 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
169 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
170 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
171 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
172 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
173 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
174 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
175 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
176 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
177 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
178 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
179 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
180 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
181 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
182 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
183 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
184 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
187 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
195 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
196 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
197 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
198 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
199 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
200 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
201 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
202 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
203 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
204 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
205 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
206 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
207 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
208 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
209 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
210 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
211 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
212 10:30 LH +1030/+1130 1985 Jul
215 # Australian miscellany
217 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
218 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
222 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
226 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
227 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
228 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
229 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
230 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
231 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
233 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
234 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
235 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
236 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
239 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
240 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
241 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
242 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
243 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
244 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
245 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
246 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
247 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
255 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
260 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
261 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
262 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
263 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
269 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
271 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
272 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
273 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
275 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
276 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
277 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
279 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
280 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
282 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
284 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
285 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
286 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
287 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
288 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
291 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
293 # A bit more background info here:
294 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
296 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
297 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
298 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
299 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
300 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
301 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
302 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
304 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
305 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
306 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
308 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
310 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
311 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
312 # 2am on February 26 next year.
314 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
315 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
316 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
318 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
321 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
322 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
323 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
324 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
326 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
327 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
328 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
329 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
330 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
332 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
333 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
334 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
335 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
337 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
338 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
339 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
341 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
342 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
343 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
345 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
346 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
347 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
348 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
349 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
350 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
352 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
353 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
354 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
355 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
356 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
358 # From Paul Eggert (2017-08-21):
359 # Dominic Fok writes (2017-08-20) that DST ends 2018-01-14, citing
360 # Extraordinary Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 21 (2017-08-27),
361 # [Legal Notice No. 41] of an order of the previous day by J Usamate.
363 # From Raymond Kumar (2018-07-13):
364 # http://www.fijitimes.com/government-approves-2018-daylight-saving/
365 # ... The daylight saving period will end at 3am on Sunday January 13, 2019.
367 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-06):
368 # Today Raymond Kumar reported the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 27
369 # (2019-08-02) said that Fiji observes DST "commencing at 2.00 am on
370 # Sunday, 10 November 2019 and ending at 3.00 am on Sunday, 12 January 2020."
371 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the second Sunday in November to 03:00
372 # the first Sunday on or after January 12. January transitions reportedly
373 # depend on when school terms start. Although the guess is ad hoc, it matches
374 # transitions planned this year and seems more likely to match future practice
375 # than guessing no DST.
376 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-06):
377 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/downloadfile/848
379 # From Raymond Kumar (2020-10-08):
380 # [DST in Fiji] is from December 20th 2020, till 17th January 2021.
381 # From Alan Mintz (2020-10-08):
382 # https://www.laws.gov.fj/LawsAsMade/GetFile/1071
383 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-08):
384 # https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Daylight-saving-from-Dec-20th-this-year-to-Jan-17th-2021-8rf4x5/
385 # "Minister for Employment, Parveen Bala says they had never thought of
386 # stopping daylight saving. He says it was just to decide on when it should
387 # start and end. Bala says it is a short period..."
389 # From Tim Parenti (2021-10-11), per Jashneel Kumar (2021-10-11) and P Chan
391 # https://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Centre/Speeches/English/PM-BAINIMARAMA-S-COVID-19-ANNOUNCEMENT-10-10-21
392 # https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/covid-19/curfew-moved-back-to-11pm/
393 # In a 2021-10-10 speech concerning updated Covid-19 mitigation measures in
394 # Fiji, prime minister Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama announced the
395 # suspension of DST for the 2021/2022 season: "Given that we are in the process
396 # of readjusting in the midst of so many changes, we will also put Daylight
397 # Savings Time on hold for this year. It will also make the reopening of
398 # scheduled commercial air service much smoother if we don't have to be
399 # concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
400 # thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
402 # Assume for now that DST will resume with the recent pre-2020 rules for the
405 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
406 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
407 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
408 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 -
409 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
410 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 -
411 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
412 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
413 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
414 Rule Fiji 2014 2018 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
415 Rule Fiji 2015 2021 - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 -
416 Rule Fiji 2019 only - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 -
417 Rule Fiji 2020 only - Dec 20 2:00 1:00 -
418 Rule Fiji 2022 max - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 -
419 Rule Fiji 2023 max - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 -
420 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
425 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
426 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
428 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
430 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
432 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
437 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
438 # http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
439 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-59-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-May-6-1959.pdf
440 Rule Guam 1959 only - Jun 27 2:00 1:00 D
441 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-61-5-Revocation-of-Daylight-Saving-Time-and-Restoratio.pdf
442 Rule Guam 1961 only - Jan 29 2:00 0 S
443 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-67-13-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
444 Rule Guam 1967 only - Sep 1 2:00 1:00 D
445 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-2-Repeal-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
446 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jan 26 0:01 0 S
447 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-69-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
448 Rule Guam 1969 only - Jun 22 2:00 1:00 D
449 Rule Guam 1969 only - Aug 31 2:00 0 S
450 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-10-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
451 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-70-30-End-of-Guam-Daylight-Saving-Time.pdf
452 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-71-5-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
453 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
454 Rule Guam 1970 1971 - Sep Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
455 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-73-28.-Guam-Day-light-Saving-Time.pdf
456 Rule Guam 1973 only - Dec 16 2:00 1:00 D
457 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-74-7-Guam-Daylight-Savings-Time-Rescinded.pdf
458 Rule Guam 1974 only - Feb 24 2:00 0 S
459 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-13-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
460 Rule Guam 1976 only - May 26 2:00 1:00 D
461 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-76-25-Revocation-of-E.O.-76-13.pdf
462 Rule Guam 1976 only - Aug 22 2:01 0 S
463 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-4-Daylight-Savings-Time.pdf
464 Rule Guam 1977 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 D
465 # http://documents.guam.gov/wp-content/uploads/E.O.-77-18-Guam-Standard-Time.pdf
466 Rule Guam 1977 only - Aug 28 2:00 0 S
468 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
469 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
470 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
471 10:00 - GST 1941 Dec 10 # Guam
472 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31
473 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23
474 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
475 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
478 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
479 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
481 Zone Pacific/Kanton 0 - -00 1937 Aug 31
482 -12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
483 -11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31
485 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
486 -10:40 - -1040 1979 Oct
487 -10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31
494 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
495 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
497 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
499 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
500 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30
503 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
505 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
506 9:00 - +09 1944 Feb 6
508 -12:00 - -12 1993 Aug 20 24:00
512 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
513 Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
516 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
517 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
520 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia
523 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
525 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
528 Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
531 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
533 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
540 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
541 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
542 11:30 - +1130 1942 Aug 29
543 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 8
544 11:30 - +1130 1979 Feb 10 2:00
548 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
549 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 -
550 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
551 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 -
552 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
553 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
554 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
555 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
559 ###############################################################################
563 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
565 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
566 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
567 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
568 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
569 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
570 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
571 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but until 2018a
572 # there was no documented single notation for the date and time of this
573 # transition. Duplicate the Rule lines for now, to give the 2018a change
574 # time to percolate out.
575 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
576 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
577 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
578 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 -
579 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
580 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
581 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
582 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
583 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
584 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 -
585 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
586 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 -
587 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
588 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 -
589 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
590 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 -
591 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
592 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 -
593 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
594 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
595 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
597 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
598 12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
599 12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
601 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
604 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
605 # and scientific personnel have wintered
608 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
609 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
610 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
611 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
615 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2021-03-24):
616 # In 1899 the Cook Islands celebrated Christmas twice to correct the calendar.
617 # According to the old books, missionaries were unaware of
618 # the International Date line, when they came from Sydney.
619 # Thus the Cook Islands were one day ahead....
620 # http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-KloDisc-t1-body-d18.html
621 # ... Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1900
622 # https://atojs.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/atojs?a=d&d=AJHR1900-I.2.1.2.3
625 # From Michael Deckers (2021-03-24):
626 # ... in the Cook Island Act of 1915-10-11, online at
627 # http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/cia1915132/
628 # "651. The hour of the day shall in each of the islands included in the
629 # Cook Islands be determined in accordance with the meridian of that island."
630 # so that local (mean?) time was still used in Rarotonga (and Niue) in 1915.
631 # This was changed in the Cook Island Amendment Act of 1952-10-16 ...
632 # http://www.paclii.org/ck/legis/ck-nz_act/ciaa1952212/
633 # "651 (1) The hour of the day in each of the islands included in the Cook
634 # Islands, other than Niue, shall be determined as if each island were
635 # situated on the meridian one hundred and fifty-seven degrees thirty minutes
636 # West of Greenwich. (2) The hour of the day in the Island of Niue shall be
637 # determined as if that island were situated on the meridian one hundred and
638 # seventy degrees West of Greenwich."
639 # This act does not state when it takes effect, so one has to assume it
640 # applies since 1952-10-16. But there is the possibility that the act just
641 # legalized prior existing practice, as we had seen with the Guernsey law of
642 # 1913-06-18 for the switch in 1909-04-19.
644 # From Paul Eggert (2021-03-24):
645 # Transitions after 1952 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
647 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
648 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 -
649 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
650 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 -
651 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
652 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga 13:20:56 - LMT 1899 Dec 26 # Avarua
653 -10:39:04 - LMT 1952 Oct 16
654 -10:30 - -1030 1978 Nov 12
655 -10:00 Cook -10/-0930
657 ###############################################################################
661 # See Pacific/Raratonga comments for 1952 transition.
663 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
664 # Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
665 # Niue as of Apr 1964 but -11 as of Aug 1964:
666 # Apr 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=_1So677Y5vUC&pg=SL1-PA23
667 # Aug 1964: https://books.google.com/books?id=MbJloqd-zyUC&pg=SL1-PA23
668 # Without greater specificity, guess 1964-07-01 for this transition.
670 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1952 Oct 16 # Alofi
672 -11:20 - -1120 1964 Jul
676 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
677 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
679 11:30 - +1130 1974 Oct 27 02:00s
680 11:30 1:00 +1230 1975 Mar 2 02:00s
681 11:30 - +1130 2015 Oct 4 02:00s
686 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
687 Zone Pacific/Palau -15:02:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Koror
692 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
693 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
694 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
696 Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Antarctica/DumontDUrville
698 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
699 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
700 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
702 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
703 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
704 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
705 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
706 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
707 # https://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
708 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
710 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
711 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time".
713 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
715 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
718 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 21
719 10:00 - +10 2014 Dec 28 2:00
723 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
724 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
725 -8:30 - -0830 1998 Apr 27 0:00
729 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
731 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
732 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
734 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
736 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
737 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
738 # the following info:
740 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
741 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
742 # Sunday of April 2011."
745 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
747 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
749 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
751 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
753 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
754 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
755 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
756 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
757 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
759 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
760 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
762 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
763 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
764 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
765 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
767 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
768 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
770 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
772 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
773 # The International Date Line Act 2011
774 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
775 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
776 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
779 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
780 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
782 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
785 # Year End Time Start Time
786 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
787 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
789 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
790 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
791 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
793 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
794 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
795 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
796 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
798 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
799 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
800 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
802 # From Geoffrey D. Bennett (2021-09-20):
803 # https://www.mcil.gov.ws/storage/2021/09/MCIL-Scan_20210920_120553.pdf
804 # DST has been cancelled for this year.
806 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
807 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 -
808 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 -
809 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 -
810 Rule WS 2012 2021 - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
811 Rule WS 2012 2020 - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 -
812 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
813 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
816 -11:00 WS -11/-10 2011 Dec 29 24:00
820 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
821 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
822 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
827 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
828 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
829 # December 31 this year ...
831 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
832 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
833 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
834 # Shanks says UT-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
835 # actually was to UT-11 back then.
837 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
838 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
839 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
840 # <https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
841 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
842 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
844 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
845 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
846 -11:00 - -11 2011 Dec 30
850 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
851 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 -
852 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
853 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
854 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
855 Rule Tonga 2016 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
856 Rule Tonga 2017 only - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
857 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
858 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:12 - LMT 1945 Sep 10
864 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
865 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
869 # US minor outlying islands
872 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
873 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
874 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
875 # uninhabited thereafter.
876 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
877 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
878 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
879 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
880 # until they were abandoned after the war.
883 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
884 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
885 # uninhabited thereafter.
886 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
890 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
891 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
892 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
893 # treat it like Hawaii for now. Since Johnston is now uninhabited,
894 # its link to Pacific/Honolulu is in the 'backward' file.
896 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
897 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
898 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
899 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
900 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
902 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
903 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
904 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
905 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
906 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
907 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
908 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
909 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
910 # https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
911 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
912 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
919 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
922 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
925 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
926 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
932 # From P Chan (2020-11-27):
933 # Joint Daylight Saving Regulation No 59 of 1973
934 # New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. December 1973
935 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1973/11.pdf#page=15
937 # Joint Daylight Saving (Repeal) Regulation No 10 of 1974
938 # New Hebrides Condominium Gazette No 336. March 1974
939 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUNHGovGaz//1974/3.pdf#page=11
941 # Summer Time Act No. 35 of 1982 [commenced 1983-09-01]
942 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1982/32.pdf#page=48
944 # Summer Time Act (Cap 157)
945 # Laws of the Republic of Vanuatu Revised Edition 1988
946 # http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/vu/legis/consol_act1988/sta147/sta147.html
948 # Summer Time (Amendment) Act No. 6 of 1991 [commenced 1991-11-11]
949 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/legis/num_act/sta1991227/
951 # Summer Time (Repeal) Act No. 4 of 1993 [commenced 1993-05-03]
952 # http://www.paclii.org/vu/other/VUGovGaz/1993/15.pdf#page=59
954 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
955 Rule Vanuatu 1973 only - Dec 22 12:00u 1:00 -
956 Rule Vanuatu 1974 only - Mar 30 12:00u 0 -
957 Rule Vanuatu 1983 1991 - Sep Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 -
958 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sat>=22 24:00 0 -
959 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sat>=22 24:00 0 -
960 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sat>=22 24:00 1:00 -
961 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
962 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
963 11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
966 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
967 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
970 ###############################################################################
974 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
975 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
976 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
977 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
979 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
981 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
982 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
983 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
984 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
986 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
987 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
988 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
989 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
990 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
991 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
993 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
994 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
995 # I found in the UCLA library.
997 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
998 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
999 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
1001 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
1002 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
1004 # I invented the abbreviation marked "*".
1005 # The following abbreviations are from other sources.
1006 # Corrections are welcome!
1008 # LMT Local Mean Time
1009 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
1010 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
1011 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
1012 # 10:00 GST GDT* Guam through 2000
1013 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
1014 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
1015 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
1019 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
1020 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
1022 ###############################################################################
1026 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
1027 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
1028 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
1029 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
1030 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
1031 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
1032 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
1033 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
1034 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
1035 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
1036 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
1037 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
1039 # From P Chan (2020-11-20):
1040 # Daylight Saving Act 1916 (No. 40 of 1916) [1916-12-21, commenced 1917-01-01]
1041 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsa1916401916192/
1043 # Daylight Saving Repeal Act 1917 (No. 35 of 1917) [1917-09-25]
1044 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/dsra1917351917243/
1046 # Statutory Rules 1941, No. 323 [1941-12-24]
1047 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1941L00323
1049 # Statutory Rules 1942, No. 392 [1942-09-10]
1050 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1942L00392
1052 # Statutory Rules 1943, No. 241 [1943-09-29]
1053 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1943L00241
1055 # All transition times should be 02:00 standard time.
1058 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
1059 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
1060 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
1061 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
1063 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
1064 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
1065 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
1066 # covers New South Wales in particular.
1068 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1069 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
1070 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
1071 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
1072 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
1073 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
1074 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
1075 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
1076 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
1078 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
1079 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
1080 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
1081 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
1082 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
1083 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
1084 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
1086 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
1088 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
1089 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
1090 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
1091 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
1092 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
1093 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
1094 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
1095 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
1096 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
1097 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
1098 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
1099 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
1101 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
1102 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
1103 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
1104 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
1105 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
1106 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
1107 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
1108 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1109 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
1110 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
1112 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
1113 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
1115 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
1116 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
1117 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
1118 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
1120 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
1121 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
1123 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
1124 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
1125 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
1126 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
1127 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
1128 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
1129 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
1131 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
1132 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
1133 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
1134 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
1135 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
1136 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
1137 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
1138 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
1139 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
1140 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
1141 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
1142 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
1143 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
1144 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
1146 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
1148 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
1149 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
1150 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
1151 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1153 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
1154 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
1155 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
1157 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
1158 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
1159 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
1161 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
1162 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
1163 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
1165 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
1166 # https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
1167 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
1169 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
1170 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
1171 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
1172 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
1173 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
1174 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
1176 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
1177 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
1178 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
1179 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
1180 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
1181 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
1182 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
1183 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
1184 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
1186 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
1187 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1188 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
1189 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
1190 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1191 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1192 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1194 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1196 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1197 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1198 # relevant entries in this database.
1200 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1201 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1202 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1204 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1205 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1207 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1208 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1210 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1211 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1212 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1213 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1214 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1216 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1217 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1218 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1219 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1220 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1221 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1222 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1223 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1225 # But not Queensland
1226 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1228 # Northern Territory
1230 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1231 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1233 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1235 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1237 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1238 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1239 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1243 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1244 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1246 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1247 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1248 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1249 # # before reaching parliament.
1251 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1253 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1254 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1255 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1256 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1258 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1259 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1260 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1262 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1263 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1264 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1266 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1269 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1270 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1271 # it matches what was used in the past.
1273 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1274 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1275 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1276 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1278 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-01):
1279 # The Guardian Express of Perth, Australia reported today that the
1280 # government decided to advance the clocks permanently on January 1,
1281 # 2019, from UT +08 to UT +09. The article noted that an exemption
1282 # would be made for people aged 61 and over, who "can apply in writing
1283 # to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See:
1284 # Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
1285 # https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
1289 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-26):
1290 # I lack access to the following source for Queensland DST:
1291 # Pearce C. History of daylight saving time in Queensland.
1292 # Queensland Hist J. 2017 Aug;23(6):389-403
1293 # https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=994682348436426;res=IELHSS
1295 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1296 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1299 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1301 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1302 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1303 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1304 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1306 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1307 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1310 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1311 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1312 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1313 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1315 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1316 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1317 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1320 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1321 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1322 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1324 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1325 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1328 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1329 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1331 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1332 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1333 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1334 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1336 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1337 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1338 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1339 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1340 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1341 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1342 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1343 # Australia and Western Australia....
1345 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1346 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1347 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1348 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1350 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1351 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1352 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1353 # coast of the continent.
1355 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1356 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1357 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1358 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1359 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1361 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1362 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1363 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1364 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1367 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1368 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1369 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1370 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1372 # From Gilmore Davidson (2019-04-08):
1373 # https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-04-08/this-remote-stretch-of-desert-has-its-own-custom-time-zone/10981000
1374 # ... include[s] a rough description of the geographical boundaries...
1375 # "The time zone exists for about 340 kilometres and takes in the tiny
1376 # roadhouse communities of Cocklebiddy, Madura, Eucla and Border Village."
1377 # ... and an indication that the zone has definitely been in existence
1378 # since before the 1970 cut-off of the database ...
1379 # From Paul Eggert (2019-05-17):
1380 # That ABC Esperance story by Christien de Garis also says:
1381 # Although the Central Western Time Zone is not officially recognised (your
1382 # phones won't automatically change), there is a sign instructing you which
1383 # way to wind your clocks 45 minutes and scrawled underneath one of them in
1384 # Texta is the word: 'Why'?
1385 # "Good question," Mr Pike said.
1386 # "I don't even know that, and it's been going for over 50 years."
1388 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1389 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1390 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1393 # southeast Australia
1395 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1396 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1397 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1398 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1403 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1404 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1405 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1406 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1408 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1409 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1412 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1414 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1415 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1416 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1417 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1419 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1420 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1421 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1422 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1424 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1425 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1426 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1427 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1430 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1431 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1432 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1433 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1435 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1436 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1437 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1438 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1440 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1441 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1442 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1443 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1445 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1446 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1450 # From P Chan (2020-11-20):
1451 # Tasmania observed DST in 1916-1919.
1453 # Daylight Saving Act, 1916 (7 Geo V, No 2) [1916-09-22]
1454 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsa19167gvn2267/
1456 # Daylight Saving Amendment Act, 1917 (8 Geo V, No 5) [1917-10-01]
1457 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsaa19178gvn5347/
1459 # Daylight Saving Act Repeal Act, 1919 (10 Geo V, No 9) [1919-10-24]
1460 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/tdsara191910gvn9339/
1462 # King Island is mentioned in the 1967 Act but not the 1968 Act.
1463 # Therefore it possibly observed DST from 1968/69.
1465 # Daylight Saving Act 1967 (No. 33 of 1967) [1967-09-22]
1466 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196733o1967211/
1468 # Daylight Saving Act 1968 (No. 42 of 1968) [1968-10-15]
1469 # http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/tas/num_act/dsa196842o1968211/
1471 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1472 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1473 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1476 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1477 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1478 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1479 # (but nothing new about that).
1481 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1482 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1483 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1484 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1485 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1486 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1488 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1489 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1491 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1492 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1496 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1497 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1498 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1501 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1502 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1503 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1504 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1505 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1506 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1508 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1509 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1510 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1511 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1512 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1515 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1516 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1517 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1518 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1520 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1521 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1523 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1524 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1528 # From Arthur David Olson:
1529 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1530 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1532 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1533 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1534 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1535 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1536 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1537 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1539 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1540 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1541 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1542 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1543 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1545 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1546 # See the following official NSW source:
1547 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1548 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1550 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1551 # daylight saving next year. See:
1552 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1553 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1554 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1556 # Victoria will follow NSW. See:
1557 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1558 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1560 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1561 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1562 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1564 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1565 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1566 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1567 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1568 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1569 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1570 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1571 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1572 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1574 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1575 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1576 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1578 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1579 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1580 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1582 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1583 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1584 # towns to use Queensland time.
1586 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1587 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1591 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1592 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1594 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1595 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1598 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1599 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1600 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1601 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1602 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1603 # # presently available.
1604 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1606 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1607 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1608 # [followed by other Rules]
1612 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1613 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1615 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1616 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1618 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1619 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1620 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1621 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1622 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1623 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1624 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1625 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1626 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1627 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1629 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1630 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1631 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1632 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1633 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1634 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1636 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1637 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1638 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1640 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1641 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1643 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1644 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1645 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1646 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1649 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1650 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1651 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1652 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1653 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1654 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1655 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1656 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1658 # We have a wrap-up here:
1659 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1660 ###############################################################################
1664 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1665 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1666 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1667 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1668 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1670 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1671 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1672 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1673 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1676 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1677 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1678 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1679 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1681 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1682 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1684 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1685 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1686 # rather than the October 1 value.
1688 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1689 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1690 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1691 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1692 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1693 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1695 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1696 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1697 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.html for the full references.
1698 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1700 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1701 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1702 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1704 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1705 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1706 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1707 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1708 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1710 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1711 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1712 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1713 # https://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1714 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1715 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1716 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1717 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1718 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1719 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1720 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1721 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1723 ###############################################################################
1726 # Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands and Marcus Island (Minami-Tori-shima)
1728 # From Wakaba (2019-01-28) via Phake Nick:
1729 # National Diet Library of Japan has several reports by Japanese Government
1730 # officers that describe the time used in islands when they visited there.
1731 # According to them (and other sources such as newspapers), standard time UTC
1732 # + 10 (JST + 1) and DST UTC + 11 (JST + 2) was used until its return to Japan
1733 # at 1968-06-26 00:00 JST. The exact periods of DST are still unknown.
1734 # I guessed Guam, Mariana, and Bonin and Marcus districts might have
1735 # synchronized their DST periods, but reports imply they had their own
1736 # decisions, i.e. there were three or more different time zones....
1738 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/小笠原諸島の標準時
1740 # From Phake Nick (2019-02-12):
1741 # Because their last time change to return to Japanese time when they returned
1742 # to Japanese rule was right before 1970, ... per the current tz database
1743 # rule, the information doesn't warrant creation of a new timezone for Bonin
1744 # Islands itself and is thus as an anecdotal note for interest purpose only.
1745 # ... [The abovementioned link] described some special timekeeping phenomenon
1746 # regarding Marcus island, another remote island currently owned by Japanese
1747 # in the same administrative unit as Bonin Islands. Many reports claim that
1748 # the American coastal guard on the American quarter of the island use its own
1749 # coastal guard time, and most sources describe the time as UTC+11, being two
1750 # hours faster than JST used by some Japanese personnel on the island. Some
1751 # sites describe it as same as Wake Island/Guam time although it would be
1752 # incorrect to be same as Guam. And then in a few Japanese governmental
1753 # report from 1980s (from National Institute of Information and Communications
1754 # Technology) regarding the construction of VLBI facility on the Marcus
1755 # Island, it claimed that there are three time standards being used on the
1756 # island at the time which include not just JST (UTC+9) or [US]CG time
1757 # (UTC+11) but also a JMSDF time (UTC+10) (Japan Maritime Self-Defense
1758 # Force). Unfortunately there are no other sources that mentioned such time
1759 # and there are also no information on things like how the time was used.
1764 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1765 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1766 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1768 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1769 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1770 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1771 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1773 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1774 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1776 # From the BBC World Service in
1777 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1778 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1779 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1780 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1781 # of the new millennium.
1783 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1784 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1789 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1790 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1791 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1792 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1794 # From Kerry Shetline (2018-02-03):
1795 # December 31 was the day that was skipped, so that the transition
1796 # would be from Friday December 30, 1994 to Sunday January 1, 1995.
1797 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-04):
1798 # One source for this is page 202 of: Bartky IR. One Time Fits All:
1799 # The Campaigns for Global Uniformity (2007).
1803 # From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
1804 # Kiribati's +13 timezone is represented by Kanton, its only populated
1805 # island. (It was formerly spelled "Canton", but Gilbertese lacks "C".)
1806 # Kanton was settled on 1937-08-31 by two British radio operators
1807 # <https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1937v02/d94>;
1808 # Americans came the next year and built an airfield, partly to
1809 # establish airline service and perhaps partly anticipating the
1810 # next war. Aside from the war, the airfield was used by commercial
1811 # airlines until long-range jets became standard; although currently
1812 # for emergency use only, China says it is considering rebuilding the
1813 # airfield for high-end niche tourism. Kanton has about two dozen
1814 # people, caretakers who rotate in from the rest of Kiribati in 2-5
1815 # year shifts, and who use some of the leftover structures
1816 # <http://pipa.neaq.org/2012/06/images-of-kanton-island.html>.
1820 # From an AP article (1993-08-22):
1821 # "The nearly 3,000 Americans living on this remote Pacific atoll have a good
1822 # excuse for not remembering Saturday night: there wasn't one. Residents were
1823 # going to bed Friday night and waking up Sunday morning because at midnight
1824 # -- 8 A.M. Eastern daylight time on Saturday -- Kwajalein was jumping from
1825 # one side of the international date line to the other."
1826 # "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
1827 # https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
1829 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1830 # <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that
1831 # currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
1832 # 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
1833 # synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
1834 # should occur at around 1950s instead.
1836 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1837 # The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
1838 # The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
1839 # Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test
1840 # Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was
1841 # transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground"
1842 # <https://history.army.mil/html/books/070/70-88-1/cmhPub_70-88-1.pdf>.
1843 # Given that Shanks was right on the money about the 1993 change, I'm inclined
1844 # to take Shanks's word for the 1969 change unless we find better evidence.
1847 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1849 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1850 # Guam Island was briefly annexed by Japan during ... year 1941-1944 ...
1851 # however there are no detailed information about what time it use during that
1852 # period. It would probably be reasonable to assume Guam use GMT+9 during
1853 # that period of time like the surrounding area.
1855 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1856 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1857 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1858 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1859 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1862 # Use 1941-12-10 and 1944-07-31 for Guam WWII transitions, as the rough start
1863 # and end of Japanese control of Agana. We don't know whether the Northern
1864 # Marianas followed Guam's DST rules from 1959 through 1977; for now, assume
1865 # they did as that avoids the need for a separate zone due to our 1970 cutoff.
1867 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1868 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1869 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1870 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1872 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
1876 # See the commentary for Micronesia.
1879 # Micronesia (and nearby)
1881 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1882 # Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
1883 # kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
1885 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1886 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1887 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1889 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1890 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1892 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1893 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1894 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1895 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1896 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1897 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1899 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
1901 # From a Japanese wiki site https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時
1903 # For "Southern Islands" (modern region of Mariana + Palau + Federation of
1904 # Micronesia + Marshall Islands):
1906 # A 1906 Japanese magazine shown the Caroline Islands and Mariana Islands
1907 # who was occupied by Germany at the time as GMT+10, together with the like
1908 # of German New Guinea. However there is a marking saying it have not been
1909 # implemented (yet). No further information after that were found.
1911 # Japan invaded those islands in 1914, and records shows that they were
1912 # instructed to use JST at the time.
1914 # 1915 January telecommunication record on the Jaluit Atoll shows they use
1915 # the meridian of 170E as standard time (GMT+11:20), which is similar to the
1916 # longitude of the atoll.
1917 # 1915 February record say the 170E standard time is to be used until
1918 # February 9 noon, and after February 9 noon they are to use JST.
1919 # However these are time used within the Japanese Military at the time and
1920 # probably does not reflect the time used by local resident at the time (that
1921 # is if they keep their own time back then)
1923 # In January 1919 the occupying force issued a command that split the area
1924 # into three different timezone with meridian of 135E, 150E, 165E (JST+0, +1,
1925 # +2), and the command was to become effective from February 1 of the same
1926 # year. Despite the target of the command is still only for the occupying
1927 # force itself, further publication have described the time as the standard
1928 # time for the occupied area and thus it can probably be seen as such.
1929 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: Palau and Yap civil administration area
1930 # (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1931 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: Truk (Chuuk) and Saipan civil
1932 # administration area (Southern Islands Central Standard Time)
1933 # * Area that use meridian of 165E: Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit civil
1934 # administration area (Southern Islands Eastern Standard Time).
1935 # * In the next few years Japanese occupation of those islands have been
1936 # formalized via League of Nation Mandate (South Pacific Mandate) and formal
1937 # governance structure have been established, these district [become
1938 # subprefectures] and timezone classification have been inherited as standard
1940 # * Saipan subprefecture include Mariana islands (exclude Guam which was
1941 # occupied by America at the time), Palau and Yap subprefecture rule the
1942 # Western Caroline Islands with 137E longitude as border, Truk and Ponape
1943 # subprefecture rule the Eastern Caroline Islands with 154E as border, Ponape
1944 # subprefecture also rule part of Marshall Islands to the west of 164E
1945 # starting from (1918?) and Jaluit subprefecture rule the rest of the
1948 # And then in year 1937, an announcement was made to change the time in the
1949 # area into 2 timezones:
1950 # * Area that use meridian of 135E: area administered by Palau, Yap and
1951 # Saipan subprefecture (Southern Islands Western Standard Time)
1952 # * Area that use meridian of 150E: area administered by Truk (Chuuk),
1953 # Ponape (Pohnpei) and Jaluit subprefecture (Southern Islands Eastern
1956 # Another announcement issued in 1941 say that on April 1 that year,
1957 # standard time of the Southern Islands would be changed to use the meridian
1958 # of 135E (GMT+9), and thus abolishing timezone different within the area.
1960 # Then Pacific theater of WWII started and Japan slowly lose control on the
1961 # island. The webpage I linked above contain no information during this
1962 # period of time....
1964 # After the end of WWII, in 1946 February, a document written by the
1965 # (former?) Japanese military personnel describe there are 3 hours time
1966 # different between Caroline islands time/Wake island time and the Chungking
1967 # time, which would mean the time being used there at the time was GMT+10.
1969 # After that, the area become Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands
1970 # under American administration from year 1947. The site listed some
1971 # American/International books/maps/publications about time used in those
1972 # area during this period of time but they doesn't seems to be reliable
1973 # information so it would be the best if someone know where can more reliable
1974 # information can be found.
1977 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
1979 # For the above, use vague dates like "1914" and "1945" for transitions that
1980 # plausibly exist but for which the details are not known. The information
1981 # for Wake is too sketchy to act on.
1983 # The 1906 GMT+10 info about German-controlled islands might not have been
1984 # done, so omit it from the data for now.
1986 # The Jaluit info governs Kwajalein.
1991 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1992 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1993 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1994 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1995 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1996 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1997 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1998 # air at 6am your time.
2000 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
2001 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
2002 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
2003 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
2007 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-31):
2008 # Currently, the tz database say Nauru use LMT until 1921, and then
2009 # switched to GMT+11:30 for the next two decades.
2010 # However, a number of timezone map published in America/Japan back then
2011 # showed its timezone as GMT+11 per https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/ナウルの標準時
2012 # And it would also be nice if the 1921 transition date could be sourced.
2014 # The "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
2015 # http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/files/gazettes/4b23a17d2030150404db7a5fa5872f52.pdf#page=3
2016 # based on "Nauru Standard Time Act 1978 Time Change"
2017 # http://www.paclii.org/nr/legis/num_act/nsta1978207/ defined that "Nauru
2018 # Alternative Time" (GMT+12) should be in effect from 1979 Feb.
2020 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-19):
2021 # The 1921-01-15 introduction of standard time is in Shanks; it is also in
2022 # "Standard Time Throughout the World", US National Bureau of Standards (1935),
2023 # page 3, which does not give the UT offset. In response to a comment by
2024 # Phake Nick I set the Nauru time of occupation by Japan to
2025 # 1942-08-29/1945-09-08 by using dates from:
2026 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru
2030 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
2031 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
2032 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
2033 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
2034 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
2036 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
2037 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
2038 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
2039 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
2040 # other than in 1974/5. See:
2041 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
2042 # However, disagree with timeanddate about the 1975-03-02 transition;
2043 # timeanddate has 02:00 but 02:00s corresponds to what the NSW law said
2044 # (thanks to Michael Deckers).
2046 # Norfolk started observing Australian DST in spring 2019.
2047 # From Kyle Czech (2019-08-13):
2048 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2018L01702
2049 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-14):
2050 # https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2019C00010
2053 # See commentary for Micronesia.
2057 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
2058 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
2059 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
2061 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
2062 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
2063 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
2065 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
2066 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
2067 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
2069 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
2070 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
2073 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
2074 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
2075 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be ½ hour different from us here in
2076 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
2079 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
2081 # Howse writes (p 153) that after the 1879 standardization on Antipodean
2082 # time by the British governor of Fiji, the King of Samoa decided to change
2083 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
2084 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
2085 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
2086 # This happened in 1892, according to the Evening News (Sydney) of 1892-07-20.
2087 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
2089 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
2090 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
2091 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
2092 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
2093 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
2094 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
2095 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
2096 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
2101 # From Paul Eggert (2021-03-04):
2102 # In 1943 "The standard time kept is 12 hrs. 19 min. 12 sec. fast
2103 # on Greenwich mean time." according to the Admiralty's Hydrographic
2104 # Dept., Pacific Islands Pilot, Vol. II, 7th ed., 1943, p 360.
2106 # From Michael Deckers (2021-03-03):
2107 # [Ian R Bartky: "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity".
2108 # Stanford University Press. 2007. p. 255]:
2109 # On 10 September 1945 Tonga adopted a standard time 12 hours,
2110 # 20 minutes in advance of Greenwich.
2112 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
2113 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
2114 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
2115 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
2117 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
2118 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
2119 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
2121 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
2122 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
2123 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
2124 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
2125 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13°
2126 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
2128 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
2129 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
2130 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
2132 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
2133 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
2134 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
2135 # minutes we have lost?"
2137 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
2138 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
2139 # to say your prayers in the morning."
2141 # From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13), per Paul Eggert (2006-03-22) and Michael
2142 # Deckers (2021-03-03):
2143 # Mundell places the transition from +12:20 to +13 in 1941, while Shanks &
2144 # Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01.
2146 # The Air Almanac published contemporaneous tables of standard times,
2147 # which listed +12:20 as of Nov 1960 and +13 as of Mar 1961:
2148 # Nov 1960: https://books.google.com/books?id=bVgtWM6kPZUC&pg=SL1-PA19
2149 # Mar 1961: https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nItAul4g0C&pg=SL1-PA19
2150 # (Thanks to P Chan for pointing us toward these sources.)
2151 # This agrees with Bartky, who writes that "since 1961 [Tonga's] official time
2152 # has been thirteen hours in advance of Greenwich time" (p. 202) and further
2153 # writes in an endnote that this was because "the legislation was amended" on
2154 # 1960-10-19. (p. 255)
2156 # Without greater specificity, presume that Bartky and the Air Almanac point to
2157 # a 1961-01-01 transition, as Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV was still Crown Prince in
2158 # 1961 and this still jives with the gist of Mundell's telling, and go with
2159 # this over Shanks & Pottenger.
2161 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
2162 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
2163 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
2164 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
2165 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
2168 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2169 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
2171 # I was given this link by John Letts:
2172 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
2174 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
2175 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
2176 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
2177 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
2179 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
2180 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
2181 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
2182 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
2183 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
2184 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
2185 # set back an hour on the closing date."
2186 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
2188 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
2189 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
2190 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
2192 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
2193 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
2194 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
2195 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
2196 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
2197 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
2198 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
2200 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
2201 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
2203 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
2204 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
2205 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
2206 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
2209 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2002-11-05):
2210 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
2212 # From Pulu ʻAnau (2016-10-27):
2213 # http://mic.gov.to/news-today/press-releases/6375-daylight-saving-set-to-run-from-6-november-2016-to-15-january-2017
2214 # Cannot find anyone who knows the rules, has seen the duration or has seen
2215 # the cabinet decision, but it appears we are following Fiji's rule set.
2217 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-26):
2218 # Assume Tonga will observe DST from the first Sunday in November at 02:00
2219 # through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
2221 # From David Wade (2017-10-18):
2222 # In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
2223 # continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
2224 # decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
2226 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
2227 # For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
2232 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
2233 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
2235 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
2236 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
2237 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
2238 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
2239 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
2242 # https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
2244 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
2245 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
2247 # See also the commentary for Micronesia.
2250 ###############################################################################
2252 # The International Date Line
2254 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
2256 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
2257 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
2258 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
2259 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
2261 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
2262 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
2263 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
2264 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
2265 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
2266 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
2267 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
2268 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
2269 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
2270 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
2271 # correct date is ambiguous.
2273 # From Wikipedia <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
2274 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
2275 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
2276 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
2277 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
2278 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
2279 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
2280 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
2281 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
2282 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
2283 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
2284 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
2285 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
2287 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
2290 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
2291 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
2292 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
2293 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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