1 # tzdb data for Europe and environs
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
9 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
11 # From Paul Eggert (2017-02-10):
13 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
18 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
22 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
23 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
25 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
26 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
28 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
29 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
31 # Other sources occasionally used include:
33 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
34 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
35 # which I found in the UCLA library.
37 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
38 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
41 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
42 # <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
43 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
44 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
45 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
47 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
48 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
49 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
50 # The full Russian citation is:
51 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
52 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
53 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
54 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
55 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
57 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
58 # History of Summer Time
59 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
60 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
62 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
63 # the rest are variants of the "xMT" pattern for a city's mean time,
64 # or are from other sources. Corrections are welcome!
67 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
68 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
69 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
70 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
71 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
72 # 1:00 IST GMT Irish Standard (1968-) with winter DST
73 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
74 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)
75 # 1:36:34 RMT* LST* Riga, Latvian Summer (1880-1926)*
76 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
77 # 3:00 MSK MSD MDST* Moscow
79 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04), re EEC/EC/EU members:
80 # The original six: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
81 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
82 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
86 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
87 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
88 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
89 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
91 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
92 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
94 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
95 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
96 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
97 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
101 ###############################################################################
103 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
105 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
107 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
108 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
109 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
112 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
113 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
114 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
115 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
116 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
117 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
118 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
120 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
121 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
122 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
124 # [This yields STDOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
126 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
128 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
129 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
130 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
131 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
132 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
133 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
134 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
135 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
136 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
137 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
138 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
139 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
140 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
141 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
142 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
143 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
144 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
145 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
146 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
147 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
149 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
150 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
151 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
153 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
154 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
155 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
156 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
157 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
158 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
159 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
160 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
161 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
162 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
163 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
164 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
165 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
166 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
168 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
169 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
170 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
171 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
172 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
173 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
174 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
175 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
176 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
177 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
178 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
179 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
180 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
181 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
182 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
184 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
185 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
186 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
187 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
188 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
189 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
190 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
191 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
192 # https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-114/a-silent-toast-to-william-willett-by-winston-s-churchill
194 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
195 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
196 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
197 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
198 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
199 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
200 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
201 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
203 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
204 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
205 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
207 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
208 # From: Jonathan Leffler
209 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
210 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
211 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
213 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
214 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
215 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
216 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
217 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
219 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
220 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
221 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
222 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
224 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
225 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
226 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
227 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
228 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
229 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
230 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
231 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
233 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
234 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
235 # which is to be introduced in May....
236 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
237 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
239 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
240 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
241 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
244 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
245 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
246 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
247 # and extending this list, which can be found in
248 # https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
250 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
252 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
253 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
254 # https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
255 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
257 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
259 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
261 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
263 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
264 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
265 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
266 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
267 # It actually just had one transition.
268 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
269 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
270 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
271 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
272 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
274 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
275 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
276 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
277 # conform with Great Britain.
278 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
280 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
281 # we'll ignore it for now.
282 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
284 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-04):
286 # Dunsink Observatory (8 km NW of Dublin's center) was to Dublin as
287 # Greenwich was to London. For example:
289 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
290 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
292 # The abbreviation DMT stood for "Dublin Mean Time" or "Dunsink Mean Time";
293 # this being Ireland, opinions differed.
295 # Whitman says Dublin/Dunsink Mean Time was UT-00:25:21, which agrees
296 # with measurements of recent visitors to the Meridian Room of Dunsink
297 # Observatory; see Malone D. Dunsink and timekeeping. 2016-01-24.
298 # <https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwmalone/time/dunsink.html>. Malone
299 # writes that the Nautical Almanac listed UT-00:25:22 until 1896, when
300 # it moved to UT-00:25:21.1 (I confirmed that the 1893 edition used
301 # the former and the 1896 edition used the latter). Evidently the
302 # news of this change propagated slowly, as Milne 1899 still lists
303 # UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
304 # not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
305 # from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
306 # transition for now and just use the latter value.
308 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
309 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
310 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
311 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
312 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
313 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
314 # https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
316 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
317 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
318 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
320 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
322 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
323 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
325 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
326 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
327 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
329 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
330 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
331 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
333 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
334 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
336 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
337 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
338 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
340 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
341 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
342 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
345 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
346 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
347 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
348 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
349 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
350 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
351 # and Frethun run in CT.
352 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
353 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
354 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
355 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
356 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
357 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
359 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
360 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
361 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
362 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
363 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
364 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
365 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
367 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-07):
368 # The 1996 anonymous contributor's goal was to determine the correct
369 # abbreviation for summer time in Dublin and so the contributor
370 # focused on the "IST", not on the "Irish Summer Time". Though the
371 # "IST" was correct, the "Irish Summer Time" appears to have been an
372 # error, as Ireland's Standard Time (Amendment) Act, 1971 states that
373 # standard time in Ireland remains at UT +01 and is observed in
374 # summer, and that Greenwich mean time is observed in winter. (Thanks
375 # to Derick Rethans for pointing out the error.) That is, when
376 # Ireland amended the 1968 act that established UT +01 as Irish
377 # Standard Time, it left standard time unchanged and established GMT
378 # as a negative daylight saving time in winter. So, in this database
379 # IST stands for Irish Summer Time for timestamps before 1968, and for
380 # Irish Standard Time after that. See:
381 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1971/act/17/enacted/en/print
383 # Michael Deckers (2017-06-01) gave the following URLs for Ireland's
384 # Summer Time Act, 1925 and Summer Time Orders, 1926 and 1947:
385 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1925/act/8/enacted/en/print
386 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1926/sro/919/made/en/print
387 # http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1947/sro/71/made/en/print
389 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
390 # Summer Time Act, 1916
391 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
393 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
394 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
396 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
397 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
398 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
399 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
400 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
402 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
403 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
405 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
406 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
407 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
408 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
409 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
410 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
412 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
413 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
415 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
418 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
419 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
422 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
423 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
424 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
425 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
428 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
430 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
431 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
432 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
434 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
435 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
436 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
437 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
438 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
439 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
440 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
441 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
442 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
443 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
444 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
445 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
447 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
448 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
449 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
451 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
452 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
453 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
454 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
455 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
456 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
457 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
458 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
459 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
460 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
461 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
462 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
463 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
464 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
465 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
466 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
467 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
468 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
469 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
470 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
471 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
472 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
473 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
474 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
475 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
476 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
477 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
478 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
479 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
480 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
481 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
483 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
484 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
485 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
486 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
487 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
488 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
489 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
490 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
491 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
492 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
493 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
494 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
495 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
496 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
497 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
499 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
501 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
503 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
504 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
508 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
509 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
510 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
511 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
512 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
513 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
515 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
516 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
517 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish timestamps
518 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
519 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
522 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
523 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
524 # negative SAVE values are used.
525 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
526 Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
527 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
528 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
529 Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
530 Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
531 Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
532 Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
534 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
536 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
537 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
538 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
539 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
540 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
541 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
542 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
543 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
544 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
545 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
546 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
548 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
549 # 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
550 # 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
552 # End of rearguard section.
555 ###############################################################################
559 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
560 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
561 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
563 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
564 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
565 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
566 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
567 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
568 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
569 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
570 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
571 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
572 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
573 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
575 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
576 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
577 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
578 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
579 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
580 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
581 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
583 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
584 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
585 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
586 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
587 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
588 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
589 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
590 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
591 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
592 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
593 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
594 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
595 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
596 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
598 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
599 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
600 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
601 # tz database itself, as seen below:
603 # Zone Europe/Paris ...
604 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
606 # Zone Europe/Monaco ...
607 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
609 # Zone Europe/Belgrade ...
610 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
612 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
613 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
614 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
616 # The rule line to be changed is:
618 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
620 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
621 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
622 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
623 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
626 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
627 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
629 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
631 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
633 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
634 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
635 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
636 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
637 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
638 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
639 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
640 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
642 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
643 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
644 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
645 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
646 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
647 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
648 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
651 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
653 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
655 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
656 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
658 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
659 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
661 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
662 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
663 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
665 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
666 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
668 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
669 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
671 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
672 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
674 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
675 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
677 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
678 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
679 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
680 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
681 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
682 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
683 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
684 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
685 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
687 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
688 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
690 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
691 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
692 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
693 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
695 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
696 # title at https://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
697 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
698 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
699 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
700 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
701 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
702 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
703 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
704 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
705 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
706 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
707 # rules (Moscow time)
708 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
710 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
711 # Unamended version of the act of the
712 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
713 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
714 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
715 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
716 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
718 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
719 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
720 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
721 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
723 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
724 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
726 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
727 # https://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
729 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
730 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
733 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
735 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
736 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
737 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
738 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
739 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
741 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
742 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
744 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
745 # The official German names ... are
747 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
748 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
750 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
751 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
752 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
754 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
755 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
757 # D-38023 Braunschweig
758 # phone: +49 531 592-0
760 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
761 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
762 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
764 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
765 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
769 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
770 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
771 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
772 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
773 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
774 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
775 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
776 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
777 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
778 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
779 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
780 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
781 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
782 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
783 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
784 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
785 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
786 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
787 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
788 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
789 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
790 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
791 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
792 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
793 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
794 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
795 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
796 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
797 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
798 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
802 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
803 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
804 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
805 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
810 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
812 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
813 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
814 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
815 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
816 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
817 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
819 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-22):
820 # In 1946 the end of DST was on Monday, 7 October 1946, at 3:00 am.
821 # Shanks had this right. Source: Die Weltpresse, 5. Oktober 1946, page 5.
823 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
824 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
825 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
826 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule Austria 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
828 Rule Austria 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
829 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
830 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
831 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
832 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
833 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
834 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
836 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
837 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
838 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
840 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
845 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
846 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
847 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
848 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
849 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
850 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
852 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
853 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
854 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
856 # Sources (Russian language):
857 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
858 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
859 # https://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
861 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
862 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
863 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
865 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
866 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
867 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
868 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
869 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
871 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
872 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
873 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
880 # From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
881 # The exposition in the web page
882 # https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Voyager_dans_le_temps._L%E2%80%99introduction_de_la_norme_de_Greenwich_en_Belgique
883 # gives several contemporary sources from which one can conclude that
884 # the switch in Europe/Brussels on 1892-05-01 was from 00:17:30 to 00:00:00.
886 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
887 # This quote helps explain the late-1914 situation:
888 # In early November 1914, the Germans imposed the time zone used in central
889 # Europe and forced the inhabitants to set their watches and public clocks
890 # sixty minutes ahead. Many were reluctant to accept "German time" and
891 # continued to use "Belgian time" among themselves. Reflecting the spirit of
892 # resistance that arose in the population, a song made fun of this change....
894 # Putting your clock forward
895 # Will but hasten the happy hour
896 # When we kick out the Boches!
897 # See: Pluvinage G. Brussels on German time. Cahiers Bruxellois -
898 # Brusselse Cahiers. 2014;XLVI(1E):15-38.
899 # https://www.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-bruxellois-2014-1E-page-15.htm
901 # Entries from 1914 through 1917 are taken from "De tijd in België"
902 # <https://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html>.
903 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
904 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
905 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
906 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
908 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for the 1918/1991 references.
909 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
910 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
912 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
913 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
914 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
915 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
916 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
917 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
918 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
919 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
920 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
921 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
922 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
923 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
924 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
925 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
926 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
927 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
928 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
929 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
931 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
932 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
933 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
934 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
935 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
936 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
938 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
940 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
942 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
943 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
944 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
945 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
946 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
947 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
948 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
949 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
950 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
951 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
952 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
953 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 00:17:30
954 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
955 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
956 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
957 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
958 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
959 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
964 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
965 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
966 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
967 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
969 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
970 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
971 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
972 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
973 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
974 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
975 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
976 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
977 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
978 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
979 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
980 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
981 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
982 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
983 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
984 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
988 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
990 # Czech Republic (Czechia)
993 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
994 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
995 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
996 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
997 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
999 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1000 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1001 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1002 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1003 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1004 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1005 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1006 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1007 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1008 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1009 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
1010 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
1011 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
1012 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1013 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking negative DST; see ziguard.awk.
1014 # 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
1015 # End of rearguard section.
1016 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1020 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1021 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
1027 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
1028 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
1029 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
1030 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
1032 # From Paul Eggert (2017-12-10):
1033 # Greenland joined the European Communities as part of Denmark,
1034 # obtained home rule on 1979-05-01, and left the European Communities
1035 # on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1036 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
1037 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1038 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1040 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
1041 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
1042 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
1044 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
1045 # is according to the following time line:
1047 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1048 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1049 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1052 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1055 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1057 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1058 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1059 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1060 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1062 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1063 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1064 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1066 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1067 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1068 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1069 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1070 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1071 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1072 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1074 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1075 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1077 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1078 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1079 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1081 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1082 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1083 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1084 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1085 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1087 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1088 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1091 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1092 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1093 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1094 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1095 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1096 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1097 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1099 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1100 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1101 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1102 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1103 # It is their only National Park.
1105 # From Jonas Nyrup (2022-11-24):
1106 # On last Saturday in October 2023 when DST ends America/Nuuk will switch
1107 # from -03/-02 to -02/-01
1108 # https://sermitsiaq.ag/forslagtidsforskel-danmark-mindskes-sommertid-beholdes
1110 # https://sermitsiaq.ag/groenland-skifte-tidszone-trods-bekymringer
1112 # From Jürgen Appel (2022-11-25):
1113 # https://ina.gl/samlinger/oversigt-over-samlinger/samling/dagsordener/dagsorden.aspx?lang=da&day=24-11-2022
1115 # From Thomas M. Steenholdt (2022-12-02):
1116 # - The bill to move America/Nuuk from UTC-03 to UTC-02 passed.
1117 # - The bill to stop observing DST did not (Greenland will stop observing DST
1119 # Details on the implementation are here (section 6):
1120 # https://ina.gl/dvd/EM%202022/pdf/media/2553529/pkt17_em2022_tidens_bestemmelse_bem_da.pdf
1121 # This is how the change will be implemented:
1122 # 1. The shift *to* DST in 2023 happens as normal.
1123 # 2. The shift *from* DST in 2023 happens as normal, but coincides with the
1124 # shift to UTC-02 normaltime (people will not change their clocks here).
1125 # 3. After this, DST is still observed, but as -02/-01 instead of -03/-02.
1127 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1128 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1129 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1130 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1131 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1132 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1133 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1135 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1136 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1137 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1138 -3:00 EU -03/-02 1996
1141 # Use the old name Scoresbysund, as the current name Ittoqqortoormiit
1142 # exceeds tzdb's 14-letter limit and has no common English abbreviation.
1143 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1144 -2:00 - -02 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1145 -2:00 C-Eur -02/-01 1981 Mar 29
1147 Zone America/Nuuk -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
1148 -3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1149 -3:00 EU -03/-02 2023 Oct 29 1:00u
1151 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1156 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1157 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1159 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1160 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1161 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1162 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1164 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1165 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1166 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1167 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1168 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1169 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1170 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1171 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1172 # summer time next spring."
1174 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1175 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1176 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1177 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1178 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1180 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1181 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1182 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1184 # From The Baltic Times <https://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1185 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1186 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1187 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1188 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1189 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1190 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1193 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1194 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1195 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1196 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1198 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1199 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1200 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1202 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1203 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1205 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1206 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1207 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1208 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1209 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1210 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1211 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1212 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1213 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1214 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1215 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1216 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1217 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1222 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1223 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1224 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1226 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1228 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1229 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1230 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1231 # according to the central European standards.
1233 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1234 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1236 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1238 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1239 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1241 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1242 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1244 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1247 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1248 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1249 # https://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1250 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1251 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1252 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1253 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1254 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1256 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1257 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1259 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1260 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1261 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1262 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1263 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1265 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document).
1267 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1269 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1270 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1271 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1277 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1279 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1280 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1282 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1285 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1286 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1288 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-11):
1289 # the law of 1891 <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64415343.texteImage>
1290 # was published on 1891-03-15, so it could only take force on 1891-03-16.
1292 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-10):
1293 # Le Gaulois, 1911-03-11, page 1/6, online at
1294 # https://www.retronews.fr/societe/echo-de-presse/2018/01/29/1911-change-lheure-de-paris
1295 # ... [ Instantly, all pressure driven clock dials halted... Nine minutes and
1296 # twenty-one seconds later the hands resumed their circular motion. ]
1297 # There are also precise reports about how the change was prepared in train
1298 # stations: all the publicly visible clocks stopped at midnight railway time
1299 # (or were covered), only the chief of service had a watch, labeled
1300 # "Heure ancienne", that he kept running until it reached 00:04:21, when
1301 # he announced "Heure nouvelle". See the "Le Petit Journal 1911-03-11".
1302 # https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6192911/f1.item.zoom
1304 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
1305 # That "all French clocks stopped" for 00:09:21 is a misreading of French
1306 # newspapers; this sort of adjustment applies only to certain
1307 # remote-controlled clocks ("pendules pneumatiques", of which there existed
1308 # perhaps a dozen in Paris, and which simply could not be set back remotely),
1309 # but not to all the clocks in all French towns and villages. For instance,
1310 # the following story in the "Courrier de Saône-et-Loire" 1911-03-11, page 2:
1311 # only works if legal time was stepped back (was not monotone): ...
1312 # [One can observe that children who had been born at midnight less 5
1313 # minutes and who had died at midnight of the old time, would turn out to
1314 # be dead before being born, time having been set back and having
1315 # suppressed 9 minutes and 25 seconds of their existence, that is, more
1316 # than they could spend.]
1318 # From Paul Eggert (2020-06-12):
1319 # French time in railway stations was legally five minutes behind civil time,
1320 # which explains why railway "old time" ran to 00:04:21 instead of to 00:09:21.
1321 # The law's text (which Michael Deckers noted is at
1322 # <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2022333z/f2>) says only that
1323 # at 1911-03-11 00:00 legal time was that of Paris mean time delayed by
1324 # nine minutes and twenty-one seconds, and does not say how the
1325 # transition from Paris mean time was to occur.
1327 # tzdb has no way to represent stopped clocks. As the railway practice
1328 # was to keep a watch running on "old time" to decide when to restart
1329 # the other clocks, this could be modeled as a transition for "old time" at
1330 # 00:09:21. However, since the law was ambiguous and clocks outside railway
1331 # stations were probably done haphazardly with the popular impression being
1332 # that the transition was done at 00:00 "old time", simply leave the time
1333 # blank; this causes zic to default to 00:00 "old time" which is good enough.
1334 # Do something similar for the 1891-03-16 transition. There are similar
1335 # problems in Algiers, Monaco and Tunis.
1338 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1339 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1340 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1341 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1342 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1344 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1345 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1346 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1347 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1348 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1349 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1350 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1351 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1352 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1353 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1354 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1355 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1356 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1357 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1358 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1359 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1360 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1361 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1362 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1363 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1364 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1365 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1366 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1367 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1368 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1369 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1370 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1371 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1372 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1373 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1374 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1375 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1376 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1377 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1378 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1379 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1380 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1381 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1382 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1383 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1384 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1385 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1386 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1387 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1388 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1389 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1390 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1391 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1392 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1393 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1394 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1395 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1396 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1397 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1398 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1399 # Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1400 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1401 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1402 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 16
1403 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1404 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1405 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1406 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1407 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1408 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1409 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1410 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1418 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1419 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1420 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1421 # [See tz-link.html for the URL.]
1423 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1424 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1425 # https://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1426 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1428 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1429 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1430 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1431 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1432 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1434 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1436 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1437 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1438 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1439 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1440 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1441 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1442 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1443 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1444 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1445 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1446 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1447 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1448 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1449 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1450 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1451 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1452 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1453 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1455 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1457 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1458 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1459 # keeping Berlin time.
1461 # <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1462 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1463 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1464 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1465 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1466 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1467 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1469 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1470 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1471 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1472 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1473 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1474 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1475 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1476 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1477 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1479 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Berlin
1480 # for these regions.
1482 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1483 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1484 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1485 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1486 # https://www.ptb.de/cms/en/ptb/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany/dst-and-midsummer-dst-in-germany-until-1979.html
1487 # says the following transition occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ
1488 # given in Shanks & Pottenger. Go with the PTB.
1489 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1490 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1491 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1492 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1493 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1495 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1496 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1497 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1499 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1500 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1501 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1502 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1503 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1507 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1508 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1509 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1512 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1513 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1514 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1519 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1520 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1521 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1522 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1523 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1524 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1525 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1526 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1527 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1529 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1530 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1531 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1532 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1533 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1534 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1535 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1536 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1537 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1539 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1540 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1541 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1542 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1543 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1544 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1545 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1546 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1547 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1548 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1549 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1550 # go with EU rules instead, since Greece joined Jan 1.
1555 # From Michael Deckers (2020-06-09):
1556 # an Austrian encyclopedia of railroads of 1913, online at
1557 # http://www.zeno.org/Roell-1912/A/Eisenbahnzeit
1558 # says that the switch [to CET] happened on 1890-11-01.
1560 # From Géza Nyáry (2020-06-07):
1561 # Data for 1918-1983 are based on the archive database of Library Hungaricana.
1562 # The dates are collected from original, scanned governmental orders,
1563 # bulletins, instructions and public press.
1566 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1567 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1918/?pg=238
1568 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1919/?pg=808
1569 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1920/?pg=201
1570 Rule Hungary 1918 1919 - Apr 15 2:00 1:00 S
1571 Rule Hungary 1918 1920 - Sep Mon>=15 3:00 0 -
1572 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00 1:00 S
1573 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1945/?pg=882
1574 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1575 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1576 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_03/?pg=49
1577 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1578 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1946_09/?pg=54
1579 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00 0 -
1580 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1947_04_1__001-123/?pg=90
1581 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DunantuliNaplo_1947_09/?pg=128
1582 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KulfBelfHirek_1948_03_3__001-123/?pg=304
1583 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Zala_1948_09/?pg=64
1584 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=53
1585 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SatoraljaujhelyiLeveltar_ZempleniNepujsag_1948/?pg=160
1586 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/UjSzo_1949_01-04/?pg=102
1587 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/KeletMagyarorszag_1949_03/?pg=96
1588 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1949_09/?pg=94
1589 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1590 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1591 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1954/?pg=513
1592 Rule Hungary 1954 only - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1593 Rule Hungary 1954 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1594 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1955/?pg=398
1595 Rule Hungary 1955 only - May 22 2:00 1:00 S
1596 Rule Hungary 1955 only - Oct 2 3:00 0 -
1597 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/HevesMegyeiNepujsag_1956_06/?pg=0
1598 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/EszakMagyarorszag_1956_06/?pg=6
1599 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/SzolnokMegyeiNeplap_1957_04/?pg=120
1600 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/PestMegyeiHirlap_1957_09/?pg=143
1601 Rule Hungary 1956 1957 - Jun Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
1602 Rule Hungary 1956 1957 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1603 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=189
1604 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
1605 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Sep 28 1:00 0 -
1606 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1980/?pg=1227
1607 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/Delmagyarorszag_1981_01/?pg=79
1608 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1982/?pg=115
1609 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/DTT_KOZL_TanacsokKozlonye_1983/?pg=85
1610 Rule Hungary 1981 1983 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1611 Rule Hungary 1981 1983 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1613 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1614 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Nov 1
1615 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1616 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1941/?pg=1204
1617 # https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/OGYK_RT_1942/?pg=3955
1618 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 7 23:00
1619 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1620 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1984
1627 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1628 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1629 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1630 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1631 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1632 # so record only the time in Rome.
1634 # From Stephen Trainor (2019-05-06):
1635 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale/ORA_LEGALE_ESTIVA_IN_ITALIA.htm
1636 # ... the [1866] law went into effect on 12 December 1866, rather than
1637 # the date of the decree (22 Sep 1866)
1638 # https://web.archive.org/web/20070824155341/http://www.iav.it/planetario/didastro/didastro/english.htm
1639 # ... "In Italy in 1866 there were 6 railway times (Torino, Verona, Firenze,
1640 # Roma, Napoli, Palermo). On that year it was decided to unify them, adopting
1641 # the average time of Rome (even if this city was not yet part of the
1642 # kingdom). On the 12th December 1866, on the starting of the winter time
1643 # table, it took effect in the railways, the post office and the telegraph,
1644 # not only for the internal service but also for the public.... Milano set
1645 # the public watches on the Rome time on the same day (12th December 1866),
1646 # Torino and Bologna on the 1st January 1867, Venezia the 1st May 1880 and the
1647 # last city was Cagliari in 1886."
1649 # From Luigi Rosa (2019-05-07):
1650 # this is the scan of the decree:
1651 # http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/filopanti/1866c.jpg
1653 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1654 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1655 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1656 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1657 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1659 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1660 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1661 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1662 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1663 # [now at http://oldsite.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml as of 2017]
1665 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1666 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1667 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1668 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1669 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1671 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1672 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1673 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1674 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1675 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1676 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1678 # From Alois Treindl (2019-07-02):
1679 # I spent 6 Euros to buy two archive copies of Il Messaggero, a Roman paper,
1680 # for 1 and 2 April 1944. The edition of 2 April has this note: "Tonight at 2
1681 # am, put forward the clock by one hour. Remember that in the night between
1682 # today and Monday the 'ora legale' will come in force again." That makes it
1683 # clear that in Rome the change was on Monday, 3 April 1944 at 2 am.
1685 # From Paul Eggert (2021-10-05):
1686 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1687 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1688 # Model Rome's occupation by using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1689 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1690 # was effectively controlled by Germany. Using C-Eur is consistent
1691 # with Treindl's comment about Rome in April 1944, as the "Rule Italy"
1692 # lines during German occupation do not affect Europe/Rome
1693 # (though they do affect Europe/Malta).
1695 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1696 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1697 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1698 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1699 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1700 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1701 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1702 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1703 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1704 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1705 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1706 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1707 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1708 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1709 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1710 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1711 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1712 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1713 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1714 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1715 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1716 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1717 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1718 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1719 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1720 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1721 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1722 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1723 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1724 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1725 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1726 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1727 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1728 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1729 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1730 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1731 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1732 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1733 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1734 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1735 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1736 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1737 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1738 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Dec 12
1739 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:00u # Rome Mean
1740 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1741 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1742 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1747 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1749 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1750 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1751 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1752 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1754 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1755 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1756 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1757 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1758 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1760 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1761 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1762 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1763 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1764 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1765 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1767 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1768 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1769 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1770 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1771 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1772 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1773 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1774 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1775 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1776 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1778 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1779 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1780 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1782 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1783 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1784 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1785 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1786 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1788 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1789 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1790 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1791 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1792 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1793 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1794 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1795 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1796 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1797 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1798 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1799 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1800 # appears that they will not do so....
1802 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1803 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1804 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1806 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1807 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1810 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1811 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1812 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1813 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1814 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1815 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1816 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1817 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1819 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1820 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1821 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1822 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1823 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1824 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1829 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1830 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1832 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1833 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1834 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1836 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1837 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1838 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1840 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1841 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1842 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1843 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1844 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1845 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1846 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1847 # already done by Estonia.
1849 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1850 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1851 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1853 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1854 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1855 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1856 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1857 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1858 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1859 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1862 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1863 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1864 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1865 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1866 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1867 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1868 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1869 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1870 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1871 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1872 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1873 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1874 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1875 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1876 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1881 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1882 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1884 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1885 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1886 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1887 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1888 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1889 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1890 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1891 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1892 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1893 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1894 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1895 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1900 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1901 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1902 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1903 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1904 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1905 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1906 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1907 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1908 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1910 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1911 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1912 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1913 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1914 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1915 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1916 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1917 # But [two people] separately reported via
1918 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1919 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1921 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1922 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1923 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1924 # to the Winter Time).
1926 # News (in Russian):
1927 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1928 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1930 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1931 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1933 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1934 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1935 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1937 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1939 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1940 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1941 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1942 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1943 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1944 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1945 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1946 # https://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1948 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1949 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1950 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1951 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1952 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1953 # https://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1954 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1955 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1957 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1958 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1959 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1961 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1962 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1963 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1964 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1965 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1966 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1967 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1968 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1969 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1970 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1971 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1976 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1977 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1979 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1980 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1981 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1982 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1983 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1984 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1985 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1986 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1987 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1988 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1989 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1990 # https://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
1991 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1992 # He also gives these further references:
1993 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1994 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1995 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1996 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1997 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1998 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1999 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2000 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2001 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2002 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2003 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2004 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2005 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2006 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2007 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2008 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2009 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2010 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2011 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2012 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2013 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2014 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2015 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2016 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2017 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2022 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2023 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2024 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2025 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2027 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2028 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2029 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2030 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2031 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2033 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2034 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2035 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2037 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2038 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2039 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2041 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2042 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2043 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2044 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2045 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2046 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2047 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2049 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2050 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2051 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2052 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2053 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2054 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2055 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2056 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2057 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2058 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2059 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2060 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2061 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2062 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2063 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2064 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2065 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2066 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2067 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2068 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2069 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2070 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2071 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2072 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2073 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2074 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2075 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2076 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2077 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2078 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2079 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2080 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2081 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2082 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2083 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2084 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2085 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2086 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2087 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2088 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2089 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2090 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2091 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2092 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2093 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2094 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2095 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2096 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2097 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2098 # Whitman says DST was not observed in 1950; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2099 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2100 Rule Port 1947 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2101 Rule Port 1947 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2102 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2103 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2104 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2105 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2106 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2107 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2108 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2109 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2111 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2113 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2114 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2115 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2116 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2117 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2118 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2119 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2121 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2122 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2123 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
2124 # -2:00 Port %z 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2125 # -1:00 Port %z 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2126 # -1:00 W-Eur %z 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2127 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
2128 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2129 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2130 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2131 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2132 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2133 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2134 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2135 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2136 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2137 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2138 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2139 # End of rearguard section.
2140 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2142 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2143 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2144 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
2145 # -1:00 Port %z 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2146 # Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
2147 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2148 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2149 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2150 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2151 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2152 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2153 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2154 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2155 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2156 # End of rearguard section.
2157 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2162 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2163 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2164 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2165 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2166 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2167 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2169 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2170 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2171 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2172 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2173 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2174 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2175 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2176 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2177 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2178 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2179 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2180 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2181 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2182 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2183 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2184 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2185 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2191 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2192 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2193 # (Government document
2194 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2196 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2197 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2198 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2199 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2201 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2202 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2203 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2204 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2206 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2207 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2208 # changed in September 2011:
2211 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2212 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2213 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2216 # https://rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2217 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2218 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2219 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2220 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2221 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2224 # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2225 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2226 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2227 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2229 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2230 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2231 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2233 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2234 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2235 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2236 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2239 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2241 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2243 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2244 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2245 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2246 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2247 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2248 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2249 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2250 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2251 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2252 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2253 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2255 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2256 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2257 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2258 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2259 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2260 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will look like this:
2261 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2263 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2264 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2265 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2266 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2267 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2269 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2270 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2271 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2272 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2273 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2275 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2276 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2277 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2278 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2279 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2281 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2282 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2283 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2284 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2286 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2287 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2288 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2289 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2290 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2291 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2293 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2294 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2295 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2296 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2297 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2298 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2299 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2300 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2302 # From Marat Nigametzianov (2018-07-16):
2303 # this is link to order from 1956 about timezone in USSR
2304 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2011/11/novyie-granitsyi-chasovyih-poyasov-v-sssr/
2306 # From Paul Eggert (2018-07-16):
2307 # Perhaps someone could translate the above-mentioned link and use it
2308 # to correct our data for the ex-Soviet Union. It cites the following:
2309 # «Поясное время и новые границы часовых поясов» / сост. П.Н. Долгов,
2310 # отв. ред. Г.Д. Бурдун - М: Комитет стандартов, мер и измерительных
2311 # приборов при Совете Министров СССР, Междуведомственная комиссия
2312 # единой службы времени, 1956 г.
2313 # This book looks like it would be a helpful resource for the Soviet
2314 # Union through 1956. Although a copy was in the Scientific Library
2315 # of Tomsk State University, I have not been able to track down a copy nearby.
2317 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-07-21):
2318 # http://astro.uni-altai.ru/~orion/blog/2015/05/center-reforma-ischisleniya-vremeni-br-na-territorii-sssr-v-1957-godu-center/
2319 # says that the 1956 decision to change time belts' borders was not
2320 # implemented as planned in 1956 and the change happened in 1957.
2321 # There is also the problem that actual time zones were different from
2322 # the official time belts (and from many time belts' maps) as there were
2323 # numerous exceptions to application of time belt rules. For example,
2324 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2325 # says that by 1962 there were many regions in the 3rd time belt that
2326 # were on Moscow time, referring to a 1962 map. By 1989 number of such
2327 # exceptions grew considerably.
2329 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2330 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2331 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2332 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2333 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2334 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2335 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2336 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2337 # divisions where available.
2339 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2340 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2341 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2343 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-25):
2344 # Although Shanks lists 1945-01-01 as the date for transition from
2345 # +01/+02 to +02/+03, more likely this is a placeholder. Guess that
2346 # the transition occurred at 1945-04-10 00:00, which is about when
2347 # Königsberg surrendered to Soviet troops. (Thanks to Alois Treindl.)
2349 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2350 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2352 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2353 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2354 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2355 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2356 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2357 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2359 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2360 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2361 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2362 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2364 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2365 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 10
2366 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1946 Apr 7
2367 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2368 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2369 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2373 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2374 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2375 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2376 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2377 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2378 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2379 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2380 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2381 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2382 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2383 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2384 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2385 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2386 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2387 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2388 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2389 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2390 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2391 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2392 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2393 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2394 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2395 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2396 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2397 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2398 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2399 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2400 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2401 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2402 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2403 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2404 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2405 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2406 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2407 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2408 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2409 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2410 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2411 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2412 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2413 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2414 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2415 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2416 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2417 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2419 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2420 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2422 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2423 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2424 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2425 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2426 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2427 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2428 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2429 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2430 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2432 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2433 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2434 # Wikipedia refers to
2435 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2436 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2438 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2439 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2440 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2441 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2442 # time belt changes map).
2444 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2445 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2446 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2447 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2448 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2449 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2450 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2451 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2452 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2453 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2456 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2457 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2458 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2459 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2460 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2461 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2462 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2463 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2464 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2465 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2466 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2469 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2470 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2471 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2472 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2473 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2475 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2476 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2479 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2480 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2481 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2482 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2483 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2484 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2488 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2489 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2490 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2492 # There were some exceptions, though.
2493 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2494 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2495 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2496 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2498 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2499 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2500 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2501 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2502 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2503 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2504 # 2 days before the switch.
2506 # From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
2507 # the Russian wikipedia page
2508 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
2509 # contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
2510 # 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
2511 # Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
2512 # of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
2513 # However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
2514 # decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
2515 # Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
2516 # Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
2517 # book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
2518 # Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
2519 # астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
2520 # To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
2521 # util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
2522 # between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.
2525 # From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
2526 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2527 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2528 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2531 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2532 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2533 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2534 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2535 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2536 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2537 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2538 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2539 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2540 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2543 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2544 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2545 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2546 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2547 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2549 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2550 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2551 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2552 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2553 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2554 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2555 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2556 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2557 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2558 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2562 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
2563 # Europe/Simferopol covers Crimea.
2565 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2566 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2567 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2569 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2570 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2571 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2572 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 20
2573 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2575 # From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
2576 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reported that central Crimea switched
2577 # from Kyiv to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2578 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2579 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2580 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2581 # changed in May. This change evidently didn't last long; see below.
2582 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2583 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also said that Kerch is still like Kyiv.
2584 3:00 C-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2585 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2586 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) said Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2587 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2588 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2589 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2590 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2591 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2592 # From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2593 # The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
2594 # to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
2595 # contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
2596 # time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
2597 # https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
2598 # https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
2599 # https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583
2600 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2601 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2605 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2606 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2607 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2609 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2611 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2612 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2613 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2614 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2615 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2616 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2618 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2619 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2620 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2621 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2622 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2623 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2624 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2625 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2628 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2629 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2630 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2631 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2633 # From Alexander Fetisov (2018-09-20):
2634 # Volgograd region in southern Russia (Europe/Volgograd) change
2635 # timezone from UTC+3 to UTC+4 from 28oct2018.
2636 # http://sozd.parliament.gov.ru/bill/452878-7
2638 # From Stepan Golosunov (2018-10-11):
2639 # The law has been published today on
2640 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201810110037
2642 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2020-11-27):
2643 # The State Duma approved (Nov 24, 2020) the transition of the Volgograd
2644 # region to the Moscow time zone....
2645 # https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1012130-7
2647 # From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-05):
2648 # Currently proposed text for the second reading (expected on December 8) ...
2649 # changes the date to December 27. https://v1.ru/text/gorod/2020/12/04/69601031/
2651 # From Stepan Golosunov (2020-12-22):
2652 # The law was published today on
2653 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012220002
2655 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2656 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2657 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2658 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2659 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2660 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2661 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2662 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2663 3:00 - MSK 2018 Oct 28 2:00s
2664 4:00 - +04 2020 Dec 27 2:00s
2667 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2668 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2669 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2671 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2672 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2673 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2674 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2675 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2676 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2678 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2679 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2680 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2681 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2682 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2683 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2684 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2685 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2688 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2689 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2690 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2691 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2693 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2694 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2695 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2696 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2697 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2698 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2699 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2702 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2703 # Europe/Samara covers...
2704 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2705 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2707 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2708 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2709 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2711 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2712 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2713 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2714 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2715 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2716 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2717 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2718 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2719 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2722 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2723 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2724 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2726 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2728 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2729 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2730 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2731 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2732 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2733 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2735 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2736 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2737 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2738 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2739 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2740 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2741 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2742 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2745 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2746 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2747 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2748 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2749 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2750 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2751 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2752 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2753 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2754 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2755 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2757 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2758 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2760 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9.
2761 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2762 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2763 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2766 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2767 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2768 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2769 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2770 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2771 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2772 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2776 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2777 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2778 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2780 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2782 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2783 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2784 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2785 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2786 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2787 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2790 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2791 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2792 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2793 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2795 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2797 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2798 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2799 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2800 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2803 # https://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2804 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2805 # before 1957: west part on UT+6, east on UT+7
2808 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2809 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2811 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2812 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2813 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2814 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2815 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2816 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2817 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2818 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2820 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2821 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2822 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2823 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2824 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2825 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2826 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2827 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2830 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2831 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2832 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2834 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2835 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2836 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2837 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2838 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2839 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2841 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2842 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2843 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2844 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2845 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2846 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2847 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2848 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2851 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2852 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2853 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2855 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2856 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2858 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2859 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2861 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2862 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2863 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2864 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2865 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2866 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2867 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2868 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2869 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2871 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2872 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2873 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2874 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2875 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2876 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2877 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2878 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2881 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2882 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2883 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2884 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2885 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2886 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2887 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2888 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2890 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2891 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2893 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2894 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2895 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2896 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2897 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2898 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2899 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2900 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2904 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2905 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2906 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2908 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2909 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2911 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2912 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2914 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2915 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2916 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2918 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2919 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2920 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2921 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2922 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2924 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2925 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2927 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2928 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2929 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2931 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2932 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2933 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2934 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2935 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2936 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2939 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2940 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2941 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2942 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2943 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2945 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2946 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2948 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2950 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2951 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2952 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2953 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2954 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2955 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2959 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2960 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2961 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2962 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2964 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2965 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2967 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2968 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2971 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2972 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2973 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
2974 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2975 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2976 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2977 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2981 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2982 # Asia/Chita covers...
2983 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2985 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2986 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2988 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2989 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2990 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2991 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2992 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2994 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2995 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2996 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2997 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2998 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2999 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3000 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
3004 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3005 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
3006 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
3008 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3009 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
3010 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
3011 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
3012 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
3013 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
3014 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
3015 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
3016 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
3017 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
3018 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
3019 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
3020 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
3021 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
3022 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
3023 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
3024 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
3025 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
3026 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
3027 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
3028 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
3029 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
3030 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
3031 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
3033 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3034 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
3035 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
3036 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
3038 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
3040 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3041 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3042 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3043 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3044 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3045 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3049 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3050 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3051 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3052 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3053 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3055 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3056 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3057 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3059 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3060 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3063 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3064 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3065 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3066 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3067 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3068 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3072 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3073 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3074 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3075 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3077 # From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
3078 # Tomponsky and Ust-Maysky switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3081 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3082 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3083 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3084 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3086 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3087 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3088 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3089 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3090 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3091 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3092 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3093 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3097 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3098 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3099 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3100 # ...with the exception of:
3101 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3103 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3104 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3106 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3108 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3109 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3110 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3111 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3112 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3113 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3114 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3115 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3116 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3120 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3121 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3122 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3124 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3125 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3126 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3127 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3128 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3129 # need their own zone.
3131 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3132 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3133 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3135 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3136 # ... signed by the President today ...
3137 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3139 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3140 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3141 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3142 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3143 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3144 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3145 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3149 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3150 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3151 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3152 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3153 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3154 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3155 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3156 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3158 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3159 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3161 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3162 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3163 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3164 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3165 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3166 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3168 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3169 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3170 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3171 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3173 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3174 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3175 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3177 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3178 # https://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3179 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3181 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3182 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3183 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3184 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3185 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3186 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3187 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3188 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3190 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3191 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3192 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3193 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3194 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3195 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3199 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3200 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3201 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3203 # From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
3204 # Oymyakonsky and the Kuril Islands switched from
3205 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3207 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3208 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3209 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3210 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3211 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3213 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3214 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3215 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3216 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3217 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3218 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3219 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3220 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3224 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3225 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3226 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3228 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3229 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3231 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3232 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3233 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3234 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3235 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3236 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3237 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3238 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3242 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3243 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3244 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3246 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3247 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3248 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3249 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3250 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3251 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3252 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3255 # Bosnia & Herzegovina
3262 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3263 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3264 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3265 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3266 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3267 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3268 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3269 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3270 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3271 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3276 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-14):
3278 # The source for Europe/Madrid before 2013 is:
3279 # Planesas P. La hora oficial en España y sus cambios.
3280 # Anuario del Observatorio Astronómico de Madrid (2013, in Spanish).
3281 # http://astronomia.ign.es/rknowsys-theme/images/webAstro/paginas/documentos/Anuario/lahoraoficialenespana.pdf
3282 # As this source says that historical time in the Canaries is obscure,
3283 # and it does not discuss Ceuta, stick with Shanks for now for that data.
3285 # In the 1918 and 1919 fallback transitions in Spain, the clock for
3286 # the hour-longer day officially kept going after midnight, so that
3287 # the repeated instances of that day's 00:00 hour were 24 hours apart,
3288 # with a fallback transition from the second occurrence of 00:59... to
3289 # the next day's 00:00. Our data format cannot represent this
3290 # directly, and instead repeats the first hour of the next day, with a
3291 # fallback transition from the next day's 00:59... to 00:00.
3293 # From Michael Deckers (2016-12-15):
3294 # The Royal Decree of 1900-07-26 quoted by Planesas, online at
3295 # https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1900/209/A00383-00384.pdf
3296 # says in its article 5 (my translation):
3297 # These dispositions will enter into force beginning with the
3298 # instant at which, according to the time indicated in article 1,
3299 # the 1st day of January of 1901 will begin.
3301 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3302 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3303 Rule Spain 1918 1919 - Oct 6 24:00s 0 -
3304 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 6 23:00 1:00 S
3305 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00 1:00 S
3306 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 24:00s 0 -
3307 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
3308 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3309 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
3310 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3311 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
3312 # Republican Spain during the civil war; it controlled Madrid until 1939-03-28.
3313 Rule Spain 1937 only - Jun 16 23:00 1:00 S
3314 Rule Spain 1937 only - Oct 2 24:00s 0 -
3315 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3316 Rule Spain 1938 only - Apr 30 23:00 2:00 M
3317 Rule Spain 1938 only - Oct 2 24:00 1:00 S
3318 # The following rules are for unified Spain again.
3320 # Planesas does not say what happened in Madrid between its fall on
3321 # 1939-03-28 and the Nationalist spring-forward transition on
3322 # 1939-04-15. For lack of better info, assume Madrid's clocks did not
3323 # change during that period.
3325 # The first rule is commented out, as it is redundant for Republican Spain.
3326 #Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00 1:00 S
3327 Rule Spain 1939 only - Oct 7 24:00s 0 -
3328 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 23:00 1:00 S
3329 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 1:00 0 -
3330 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3331 Rule Spain 1943 1944 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3332 Rule Spain 1945 1946 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3333 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3334 Rule Spain 1949 only - Oct 2 1:00 0 -
3335 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=12 23:00 1:00 S
3336 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3337 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3338 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3339 Rule Spain 1977 only - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3340 Rule Spain 1978 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
3341 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
3342 # Nationalist Spain during the civil war
3343 #Rule NatSpain 1937 only - May 22 23:00 1:00 S
3344 #Rule NatSpain 1937 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 24:00s 0 -
3345 #Rule NatSpain 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00 1:00 S
3346 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978,
3347 # except with "S" letters.
3348 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3349 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3350 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3351 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3352 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3353 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3354 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3355 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3356 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3357 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3358 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00u
3359 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
3360 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3362 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00u
3363 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3364 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3366 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3367 0:00 - WET 1967 # Help zishrink.awk.
3368 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3371 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3372 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3373 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3374 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3376 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3377 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3380 # Germany (Busingen enclave)
3385 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3386 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3387 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3388 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3389 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3390 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3391 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3392 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3393 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3394 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3396 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3397 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3399 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3400 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3402 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3403 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3404 # federal law collection)...
3406 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3407 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3409 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3410 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3412 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3413 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3414 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3415 # other years are made.
3417 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3418 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3419 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3420 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3422 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3423 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3424 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3425 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3427 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3428 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3429 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3431 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3433 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3434 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3435 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3436 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3437 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3438 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3440 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3441 # The Federal regulations say
3442 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3443 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3444 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3446 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3447 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3448 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3449 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3450 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3451 # hour before the beginning of service.
3453 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3454 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3456 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3457 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3459 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3460 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3461 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3463 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3464 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3465 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3466 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3467 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3468 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3469 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3470 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3471 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3472 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3473 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3475 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
3476 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
3477 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
3478 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
3479 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
3480 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
3482 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
3483 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
3485 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
3486 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
3488 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3489 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3490 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3491 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3492 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3493 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3494 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3499 # From Alois Treindl (2019-08-12):
3500 # http://www.astrolojidergisi.com/yazsaati.htm has researched the time zone
3501 # history of Turkey, based on newspaper archives and official documents.
3502 # From Paul Eggert (2019-08-28):
3503 # That source (Oya Vulaş, "Türkiye'de Yaz Saati Uygulamaları")
3504 # is used for 1940/1972, where it seems more reliable than our other
3507 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2019-08-12):
3508 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14539.pdf#page=24
3509 # 1973-06-03 01:00 -> 02:00, 1973-11-04 02:00 -> 01:00
3511 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/14829.pdf#page=1
3512 # 1974-03-31 02:00 -> 03:00, 1974-11-03 02:00 -> 01:00
3514 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15161.pdf#page=1
3515 # 1975-03-22 02:00 -> 03:00, 1975-11-02 02:00 -> 01:00
3517 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15535_1.pdf#page=1
3518 # 1976-03-21 02:00 -> 03:00, 1976-10-31 02:00 -> 01:00
3520 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/15778.pdf#page=5
3521 # 1977-04-03 02:00 -> 03:00, 1977-10-16 02:00 -> 01:00,
3522 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
3523 # 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
3524 # 1979-04-01 02:00 -> 03:00 (not applied, see below)
3525 # 1979-10-14 02:00 -> 01:00 (not applied, see below)
3527 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16245.pdf#page=17
3528 # This cancels the previous decision, and repeats it only for 1978.
3529 # 1978-04-02 02:00 -> 03:00, 1978-10-15 02:00 -> 01:00
3530 # (not applied due to standard TZ change below)
3532 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/16331.pdf#page=3
3533 # This decision changes the default longitude for Turkish time zone from 30
3534 # degrees East to 45 degrees East. This means a standard TZ change, from +2
3535 # to +3. This is published & applied on 1978-06-29. At that time, Turkey was
3536 # already on summer time (already on 45E). Hence, this new law just meant an
3537 # "continuous summer time". Note that this was reversed in a few years.
3539 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18119_1.pdf#page=1
3540 # 1983-07-31 02:00 -> 03:00 (note that this jumps TZ to +4)
3541 # 1983-10-02 02:00 -> 01:00 (back to +3)
3543 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18561.pdf (page 1 and 34)
3544 # At this time, Turkey is still on +3 with no spring-forward on early
3545 # 1984. This decision is published on 10/31/1984. Page 1 declares
3546 # the decision of reverting the "default longitude change". So the
3547 # standard time should go back to +3 (30E). And page 34 explains when
3548 # that will happen: 1984-11-01 02:00 -> 01:00. You can think of this
3549 # as "end of continuous summer time, change of standard time zone".
3551 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18713.pdf#page=1
3552 # 1985-04-20 01:00 -> 02:00, 1985-09-28 02:00 -> 01:00
3554 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3555 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3557 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3558 # Here are official papers:
3559 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf#page=2 for 1986
3560 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf#page=4 for 1987
3561 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf#page=15 for 1988
3562 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf#page=6 for 1989
3563 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf#page=1 for 1990 - 1992
3564 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf#page=15 for 1993 - 1995
3565 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf#page=1 for overriding 1994
3566 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf#page=1 for 1996, 1997
3567 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf#page=10 for 1998 - 2000
3568 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3569 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3570 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3571 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for timestamps after 1985.
3573 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3574 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3575 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3576 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3577 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3578 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3579 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3580 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3581 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3583 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3584 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3585 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3586 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3587 # https://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3589 # https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-bir-gun-ileri-alindi-17230464
3591 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3592 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3593 # Turkish Local election....
3594 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3595 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3596 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3597 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3598 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3599 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3600 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3601 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3602 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3603 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3604 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3605 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3607 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3608 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3609 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3610 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3612 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3613 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3614 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3615 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3616 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3618 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3619 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3620 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3622 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3623 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3624 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3626 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2017-10-28):
3627 # Turkey will go back to Daylight Saving Time starting 2018-10.
3628 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/10/20171028-5.pdf
3630 # From Even Scharning (2017-11-08):
3631 # ... today it was announced that the DST will become "continuous":
3632 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/son-dakika-yaz-saati-uygulamasi-surekli-hale-geldi-40637482
3633 # From Paul Eggert (2017-11-08):
3634 # Although Google Translate misfires on that source, it looks like
3635 # Turkey reversed last month's decision, and so will stay at +03.
3637 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3638 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3639 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3640 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3641 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3642 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3643 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3644 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3645 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3646 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3647 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3648 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3649 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3650 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3651 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
3652 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 6 0:00 0 -
3653 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3654 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3655 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3656 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3657 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3658 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3659 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3660 Rule Turkey 1947 1951 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3661 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3662 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 S
3663 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3664 # DST for 15 months; unusual but we'll let it pass.
3665 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3666 Rule Turkey 1963 only - Oct 30 0:00 0 -
3667 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3668 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3669 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3670 Rule Turkey 1973 1976 - Oct Sun>=31 2:00 0 -
3671 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3672 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 22 2:00 1:00 S
3673 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Mar 21 2:00 1:00 S
3674 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3675 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
3676 Rule Turkey 1978 only - Jun 29 0:00 0 -
3677 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 2:00 1:00 S
3678 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 -
3679 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3680 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 1:00s 0 -
3681 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3682 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3683 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3684 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3685 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3686 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3687 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3688 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3689 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Jun 29
3690 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1984 Nov 1 2:00
3691 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3692 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3693 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3694 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3695 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3696 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3697 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3698 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3703 # From Alois Treindl (2014-03-01):
3704 # REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ... means that from
3705 # 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday
3706 # in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September....
3707 # CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509
3708 # "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" ....
3709 # As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the
3710 # transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am
3711 # and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules.
3712 # This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996,
3713 # so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule.
3714 # The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules....
3715 # TZ database holds three other zones for Ukraine.... I have not yet
3716 # worked out the consequences for these three zones, as we (me and my
3717 # US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
3718 # information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
3720 # From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):
3721 # For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
3722 # except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
3724 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3725 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3726 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3727 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3728 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3729 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3730 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3732 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3733 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3734 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3736 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3737 # approval from 266 deputies.
3739 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3740 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3742 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3743 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3745 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3746 # https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3748 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3749 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3750 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3751 # time this year after all.
3753 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3754 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3755 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3756 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3757 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3759 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3760 # The law documents themselves are at
3761 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3763 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kyiv time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3764 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3765 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3766 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3767 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3768 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3770 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3771 # "summer time" was still in action):
3772 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3773 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3774 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3776 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3777 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3779 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3780 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3781 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3782 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3783 # This is an answer.
3785 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3786 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3787 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3788 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3789 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3791 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3792 Zone Europe/Kyiv 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3793 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kyiv Mean Time
3794 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3795 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3796 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3797 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3798 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3799 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
3802 ###############################################################################
3804 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3805 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3806 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3808 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3809 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3810 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3811 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3812 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3813 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3816 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3820 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3821 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3822 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3823 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3824 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3826 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3827 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3828 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3829 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3831 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3832 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3834 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3835 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3839 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3840 # From: Dik T. Winter
3843 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3844 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3845 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3847 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3848 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3849 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3850 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3851 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3852 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3855 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3856 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3857 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3858 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3859 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3860 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3861 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3862 # in advance of normal time.
3865 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3868 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3870 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3871 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3873 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
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