0:00 Algeria WE%sT 1981 May
1:00 - CET
-# Angola
-# Benin
-# See Africa/Lagos.
-
-# Botswana
-# See Africa/Maputo.
-
-# Burkina Faso
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
-# Burundi
-# See Africa/Maputo.
-
-# Cameroon
-# See Africa/Lagos.
-
# Cape Verde / Cabo Verde
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
-2:00 - -02 1975 Nov 25 2:00
-1:00 - -01
-# Central African Republic
-# See Africa/Lagos.
-
# Chad
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 - LMT 1912 # N'Djamena
1:00 1:00 WAST 1980 Mar 8
1:00 - WAT
-# Comoros
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-
-# Democratic Republic of the Congo
-# See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
+# Burkina Faso
+# Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
+# The Gambia
+# Ghana
+# Guinea
+# Iceland
+# Mali
+# Mauritania
+# St Helena
+# Senegal
+# Sierra Leone
+# Togo
-# Republic of the Congo
-# See Africa/Lagos.
+# The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
+# Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
+# Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
+# Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
+# on GMT, says the CIA
+# Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
-# Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Abidjan -0:16:08 - LMT 1912
0:00 - GMT
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra # Ghana
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako # Mali
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul # The Gambia
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry # Guinea
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar # Senegal
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown # Sierra Leone
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome # Togo
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott # Mauritania
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou # Burkina Faso
-Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena # St Helena
-
-# Djibouti
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
###############################################################################
# Egypt
# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
-# observatory; round to nearest. Milne also says that the official time for
+# observatory. Milne also says that the official time for
# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
Rule Egypt 2014 only - Sep lastThu 24:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF 2:05:08.9
Zone Africa/Cairo 2:05:09 - LMT 1900 Oct
2:00 Egypt EE%sT
-# Equatorial Guinea
-# See Africa/Lagos.
-
-# Eritrea
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-
-# Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
-
-# Ethiopia
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-#
-# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
-# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
-# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time. See:
-# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
-# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
-# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
-
-# Gabon
-# See Africa/Lagos.
-
-# The Gambia
-# Ghana
-# Guinea
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
# Guinea-Bissau
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-16):
-1:00 - -01 1975
0:00 - GMT
+# Comoros
+# Djibouti
+# Eritrea
+# Ethiopia
# Kenya
+# Madagascar
+# Mayotte
+# Somalia
+# Tanzania
+# Uganda
# From P Chan (2020-10-24):
#
# At midnight on 30 June 1928 the clocks throughout Kenya was put forward
# half an hour by the Alteration of Time Ordinance, 1928.
# https://gazettes.africa/archive/ke/1928/ke-government-gazette-dated-1928-05-11-no-28.pdf
-# [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Offical Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
+# [Ordinance No. 11 of 1928, The Official Gazette, 1928-06-26, p 813]
# https://books.google.com/books?id=2S0S6os32ZUC&pg=PA813
#
# The 1928 ordinance was repealed by the Alteration of Time (repeal) Ordinance,
# The 1908-05-01 announcement does not give an effective date,
# so just say "1908 May".
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-11):
+# Unfortunately tzdb records only Western clock time in use in Ethiopia,
+# as the tzdb format is not up to properly recording a common Ethiopian
+# timekeeping practice that is based on solar time. See:
+# Mortada D. If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double
+# check the time. PRI's The World. 2015-01-30 15:15 -05.
+# https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-01-30/if-you-have-meeting-ethiopia-you-better-double-check-time
+
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1908 May
2:30 - +0230 1928 Jun 30 24:00
2:30 - +0230 1936 Dec 31 24:00
2:45 - +0245 1942 Jul 31 24:00
3:00 - EAT
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa # Ethiopia
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara # Eritrea
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala # Uganda
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu # Somalia
-Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo # Madagascar
-Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
-Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
-
-# Lesotho
-# See Africa/Johannesburg.
# Liberia
#
1:00 Libya CE%sT 2013 Oct 25 2:00
2:00 - EET
-# Madagascar
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-
-# Malawi
-# See Africa/Maputo.
-
-# Mali
-# Mauritania
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
# Mauritius
# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
-# Mayotte
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
# Morocco
# See Africa/Ceuta for Spanish Morocco.
# (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
# (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
# (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+#
+# From Milamber (2021-03-31, 2022-03-10), confirming these predictions:
+# https://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=2076
+# https://www.ecoactu.ma/horaires-administration-ramadan-gmtheure-gmt-a-partir-de-dimanche-27-mars/
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Morocco 1939 only - Sep 12 0:00 1:00 -
0:00 Morocco +00/+01 2018 Oct 28 3:00
1:00 Morocco +01/+00
+# Botswana
+# Burundi
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (eastern)
+# Malawi
# Mozambique
+# Rwanda
+# Zambia
+# Zimbabwe
#
# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
2:00 - CAT
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre # Malawi
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura # Burundi
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone # Botswana
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare # Zimbabwe
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali # Rwanda
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi # E Dem. Rep. of Congo
-Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka # Zambia
-
# Namibia
# 2:00 - CAT
# End of rearguard section.
-# Niger
-# See Africa/Lagos.
+# Angola
+# Benin
+# Cameroon
+# Central African Republic
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (western)
+# Republic of the Congo
+# Equatorial Guinea
+# Gabon
+# Niger
# Nigeria
# From P Chan (2020-12-03):
0:13:35 - LMT 1914 Jan 1
0:30 - +0030 1919 Sep 1
1:00 - WAT
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui # Central African Republic
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala # Cameroon
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville # Gabon
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda # Angola
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo # Equatorial Guinea
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey # Niger
-Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo # Benin
-
-# Réunion
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Reunion 3:41:52 - LMT 1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
- 4:00 - +04
-#
-# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
-# The following information about them is taken from
-# Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
-# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
-# We have no info about their time zone histories.
-#
-# Bassas da India - uninhabited
-# Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
-# Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
-# Juan de Nova - uninhabited
-# Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
-
-# Rwanda
-# See Africa/Maputo.
-
-# St Helena
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-# The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
-# Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
-# Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
-# Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
-# on GMT, says the CIA
-# Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
# São Tomé and Príncipe
# From Michael Deckers (2018-12-30):
# https://www.legis-palop.org/download.jsp?idFile=102818
# ... [The legal time of the country, which coincides with universal
-# coordinated time, will be restituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]
+# coordinated time, will be reinstituted at 2 o'clock on day 1 of January, 2019.]
Zone Africa/Sao_Tome 0:26:56 - LMT 1884
+ #STDOFF -0:36:44.68
-0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 00:00u # Lisbon MT
0:00 - GMT 2018 Jan 1 01:00
1:00 - WAT 2019 Jan 1 02:00
0:00 - GMT
-# Senegal
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
-# Seychelles
-
-# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
-# Standard Time was adopted on 1907-01-01.
-#
-# Standard Time Ordinance (Chapter 237)
-# The Laws of Seychelles in Force on the 31st December, 1971, Vol. 6, p 571
-# https://books.google.com/books?id=efE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA571
-#
-# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
-# A footnote on https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1689
-# confirms that Ordinance No. 9 of 1906 "was brought into force on the 1st
-# January, 1907."
-
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Mahe 3:41:48 - LMT 1907 Jan 1 # Victoria
- 4:00 - +04
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
-# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
-# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
-# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976. We don't know
-# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
-# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
-
-# Sierra Leone
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
-# Somalia
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-
+# Eswatini (Swaziland)
+# Lesotho
# South Africa
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule SA 1942 1943 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 -
Rule SA 1943 1944 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
1:30 - SAST 1903 Mar
2:00 SA SAST
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru # Lesotho
-Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane # Eswatini
#
# Marion and Prince Edward Is
# scientific station since 1947
3:00 - EAT 2021 Feb 1 00:00
2:00 - CAT
-# Tanzania
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-
-# Togo
-# See Africa/Abidjan.
-
# Tunisia
# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
Zone Africa/Tunis 0:40:44 - LMT 1881 May 12
0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1:00 Tunisia CE%sT
-
-# Uganda
-# See Africa/Nairobi.
-
-# Zambia
-# Zimbabwe
-# See Africa/Maputo.
# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
# fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
#
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Kerguelen 0 - -00 1950 # Port-aux-Français
- 5:00 - +05
+# Kerguelen - see Indian/Maldives.
#
# year-round base in the main continent
# Dumont d'Urville - see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
# year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
-# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
-# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
-# Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
-# time as Moscow, Russia.
-#
-# From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
-# I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
-# what they had to say about time there:
-# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
-# time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
-# 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
-# of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
-# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
-# This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
-# in person. He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
-# time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
-# changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
-# solar noon. So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
-# happened to be during their visit. So we still don't really know what time
-# it is at Vostok. But we'll guess +06.
-#
-Zone Antarctica/Vostok 0 - -00 1957 Dec 16
- 6:00 - +06
+# See Asia/Urumqi.
# S Africa - year-round bases
# Marion Island, -4653+03752
# we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
# Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
#
-# See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
4:00 Azer +04/+05
-# Bahrain
-# See Asia/Qatar.
-
# Bangladesh
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
5:00 - +05 1996
6:00 - +06
-# Brunei
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
- 7:30 - +0730 1933
- 8:00 - +08
-
-# Burma / Myanmar
+# Cocos (Keeling) Islands
+# Myanmar (Burma)
# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
6:30 - +0630
-# Cambodia
-# See Asia/Bangkok.
-
-
# China
# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
# in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
# their clock to their preferred time.
#
-# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was
-# coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French
-# concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen,
-# that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay
-# claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time
-# on the same date as Shanghai".
+# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay [says] ... "Hong
+# Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time on
+# the same date as Shanghai".
#
# b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
# so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
# Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
# most of China
-# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time....
# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
#
# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+ #STDOFF 8:05:43.2
Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
8:00 PRC C%sT
# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
# / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+# Vostok base in Antarctica matches this since 1970.
Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
6:00 - +06
-
# Hong Kong
-# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7.
# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
Rule HK 1979 only - May 13 3:30 1:00 S
Rule HK 1979 only - Oct 21 3:30 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
+ #STDOFF 7:36:41.7
+Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 29 17:00u
8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:00
8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
8:00 0:30 HKWT 1941 Dec 25
3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
-# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
-# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
-Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
-
# Georgia
# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
-# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Java, Sumatra
+ #STDOFF 7:07:12.5
Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
# but this must be a typo.
- 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+ 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 16:40u # Batavia
7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
# Iran
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-30):
+# Here's an order from the Cabinet to the rest of the government to switch to
+# Tehran time, which is mentioned to be already at +03:30:
+# https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
+# Just in case that goes away, I also saved a copy at archive.org:
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20220530111940/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/180138
+# Here's my translation:
+#
+# "Circular on Matching the Hours of Governmental and Official Circles
+# in Provinces
+# Approved 1314/03/22 [=1935-06-13]
+# According to the ruling of the Honorable Cabinet, it is ordered that from
+# now on in all internal provinces of the country, governmental and official
+# circles set their time to match Tehran time (three hours and half before
+# Greenwich)....
+#
+# I still haven't found out when Tehran itself switched to +03:30....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-05):
+# Although the above says Tehran was at +03:30 before 1935-06-13, we don't
+# know when it switched to +03:30. For now, use 1935-06-13 as the switch date.
+# Although most likely wrong, we have no better info.
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-06-01):
+# This is from Kayhan newspaper, one of the major Iranian newspapers, from
+# March 20, 1978, page 2:
+#
+# "Pull the clocks 60 minutes forward
+# As we informed before, from the fourth day of the month Farvardin of the
+# new year [=1978-03-24], clocks will be pulled forward, and people's daily
+# work and life program will start one hour earlier than the current program.
+# On the 1st day of the month Farvardin of this year [=1977-03-21], they had
+# pulled the clocks forward by one hour, but in the month of Mehr
+# [=1977-09-23], the clocks were pulled back by 30 minutes.
+# In this way, from the 4th day of the month Farvardin, clocks will be ahead
+# of the previous years by one hour and a half.
+# According to the new program, during the night of 4th of Farvardin, when
+# the midnight, meaning 24 o'clock is announced, the hands of the clock must
+# be pulled forward by one hour and thus consider midnight 1 o'clock in the
+# forenoon."
+#
+# This implies that in September 1977, when the daylight savings time was
+# done with, Iran didn't go back to +03:30, but immediately to +04:00.
+#
+#
+# This is from the major Iranian newspaper Ettela'at, dated [1978-08-03]...,
+# page 32. It looks like they decided to get the clocks back to +4:00
+# just in time for Ramadan that year:
+#
+# "Tomorrow Night, Pull the Clocks Back by One Hour
+# At 1 o'clock in the forenoon of Saturday 14 Mordad [=1978-08-05], the
+# clocks will be pulled one hour back and instead of 1 o'clock in the
+# forenoon, Radio Iran will announce 24 o'clock.
+# This decision was made in the Cabinet of Ministers meeting of 25 Tir
+# [=1978-07-16], [...]
+# At the beginning of the year 2537 [=March 1978: Iran was using a different
+# year number for a few years then, based on the Coronation of Cyrus the
+# Great], the country's official time was pulled forward by one hour and now
+# the official time is one hour and a half ahead compared to last year,
+# because in Farvardin of last year [=March 1977], the official time was
+# pulled forward one hour and this continued until the second half of last
+# year [=September 1977] until in the second half of last year the official
+# time was pulled back half an hour and that half hour still remains."
+#
+# This matches the time of the true noon published in the newspapers, as they
+# clearly go from +05:00 to +04:00 after that date (which happened during a
+# long weekend in Iran).
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2022-05-31):
+# [Movahedi S. Cultural preconceptions of time: Can we use operational time
+# to meddle in God's Time? Comp Stud Soc Hist. 1985;27(3):385-400]
+# https://www.jstor.org/stable/178704
+# Here's the quotes from the paper:
+# 1. '"Iran's official time keeper moved the clock one hour forward as from
+# March 22, 1977 (Farvardin 2, 2536) to make maximum use of daylight and save
+# in energy consumption. Thus Iran joined such other countries as Britain in
+# observing what is known as 'daylight saving.' The proposal was originally
+# put forward by the Ministry of Energy, in no way having any influence on
+# observing religious ceremonies. Moving time one hour forward in summer
+# means that at 11:00 o'clock on March 21, the official time was set as
+# midnight March 22. Then September 24 will actually begin one hour later
+# than the end of September 23 [...]." Iran's time base thus continued to be
+# Greenwich Mean Time plus three and one-half hours (plus four and one-half
+# hours in summer).'
+#
+# The article sources this from Iran Almanac and Book of Facts, 1977, Tehran:
+# Echo of Iran, which is on Google Books at
+# https://www.google.com/books/edition/Iran_Almanac_and_Book_of_Facts/9ybVAAAAMAAJ.
+# (I confirmed it by searching for snippets.)
+#
+# 2. "After the fall of the shah, the revolutionary government returned to
+# daylight-saving time (DST) on 26 May 1979."
+#
+# This seems to have been announced just one day in advance, on 25 May 1979.
+#
+# The change in 1977 clearly seems to be the first daylight savings effort in
+# Iran. But the article doesn't mention what happened in 1978 (which was
+# still during the shah's government), or how things continued in 1979
+# onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
+
+# From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
+# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
+# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
+# UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
+
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
# leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
# plan to change that law....
#
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
-# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
-# I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
-# lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
-# cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
-# 2008-2087 range disagrees with the astronomical Persian calendar
-# for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058), so
-# the following code special-cases those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
-# Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
-# The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
-# https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
-# Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
-# happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
-# stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
-# (cl-loop
-# initially (require 'cal-persia)
-# with first-persian-year = 1387
-# with last-persian-year = 1466
-# ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
-# ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
-# with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
-# with range-start = nil
-# for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
-# do
-# (let*
-# ((exceptional-year-offset
-# (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
-# (beg-dst-absolute
-# (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
-# exceptional-year-offset))
-# (end-dst-absolute
-# (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
-# exceptional-year-offset))
-# (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
-# (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
-# (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
-# (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
-# (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
-# (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
-# next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
-# (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
-# (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
-# (setq range-start (or range-start year))
-# (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
-# (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
-# (= persian-year last-persian-year))
-# (insert
-# (format
-# "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
-# range-start range-end
-# (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
-# (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
-# (insert
-# (format
-# "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
-# range-start range-end
-# (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
-# (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
-# (setq range-start nil))))
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-06-30):
+# Go with Pournader for 1935 through spring 1979, and for timestamps
+# after August 1991; go with with Shanks & Pottenger for other timestamps.
+# Go with Santoni's citation of the UIT for fall 1977, as 20 October 1977
+# is 28 Mehr 1356, consistent with the "Mehr" in Pournader's source.
+# Assume that the UIT's "1930" is UTC, i.e., 24:00 local time.
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
#
+# From Ali Mirjamali (2022-05-10):
+# Official IR News Agency announcement: irna.ir/xjJ3TT
+# ...
+# Highlights: DST will be cancelled for the next Iranian year 1402
+# (i.e 2023-March-21) and forthcoming years.
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
+# Work around a bug in zic 2022a and earlier.
+Rule Iran 1910 only - Jan 1 00:00 0 -
+#
+Rule Iran 1977 only - Mar 21 23:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iran 1977 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
+Rule Iran 1978 only - Mar 24 24:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iran 1978 only - Aug 5 01:00 0 -
+Rule Iran 1979 only - May 26 24:00 1:00 -
Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
+Rule Iran 1980 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
-Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
-#
-# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
-# These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
-# restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
-# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
-# possibly Iran will change the rules first.
-Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
+Rule Iran 2021 2022 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iran 2021 2022 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
- 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
- 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
+ 3:25:44 - TMT 1935 Jun 13 # Tehran Mean Time
+ 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430 1977 Oct 20 24:00
4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
# From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
# (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
+# From Issam Al-Zuwairi (2022-10-05):
+# The Council of Ministers in Jordan decided Wednesday 5th October 2022,
+# that daylight saving time (DST) will be throughout the year....
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2022-10-06):
+# https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=45567&lang=en&name=en_news
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
+# Like Syria, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
+# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
Rule Jordan 2014 2021 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
-Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
-Rule Jordan 2022 max - Feb lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
+Rule Jordan 2014 2022 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
+Rule Jordan 2022 only - Feb lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
- 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
+ 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 2022 Oct 28 0:00s
+ 3:00 - +03
# Kazakhstan
# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
-# Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
-# UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
-# located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
+# (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from UTC+6 to UTC+5
+# effective December 21st, 2018....
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
#
8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
9:00 - KST
-###############################################################################
-
-# Kuwait
-# See Asia/Riyadh.
-
-# Laos
-# See Asia/Bangkok.
-
# Lebanon
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
-# Malaysia
+# Brunei
+# Malaysia (eastern)
+#
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
#
-# peninsular Malaysia
-# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
-# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
-# This agrees with Singapore since 1905-06-01.
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
- 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
- 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
- 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
- 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
- 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
- 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
- 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
- 8:00 - +08
+# For peninsular Malaysia see Asia/Singapore.
+#
# Sabah & Sarawak
# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
5:30 - +0530 1986
5:45 - +0545
-# Oman
-# See Asia/Dubai.
-
# Pakistan
# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
# The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
-# For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday
-# preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24).
# From P Chan (2021-10-18):
# http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
# ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
# by 60 minutes backwards.
#
-# From Paul Eggert (2021-10-20):
-# Guess future fall transitions on October's last Friday at 01:00.
+# From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
+# Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
+# last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.
+
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
+# summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
+
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
+# winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
+# 60 minutes backwards. Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
+# and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
+# (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
+# at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
+# (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-31):
+# For now, assume that this rule will also be used after 2026.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Palestine 2014 only - Oct 24 0:00 0 -
Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Palestine 2015 only - Oct 23 1:00 0 -
-Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Oct Sat>=24 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat<=30 1:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Oct Sat<=30 1:00 0 -
Rule Palestine 2019 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Palestine 2019 only - Oct Sat>=24 0:00 0 -
-Rule Palestine 2020 max - Mar Sat>=24 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2019 only - Oct Sat<=30 0:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2020 2021 - Mar Sat<=30 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Palestine 2020 only - Oct 24 1:00 0 -
-Rule Palestine 2021 max - Oct lastFri 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2021 only - Oct 29 1:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2022 only - Mar 27 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Palestine 2022 max - Oct Sat<=30 2:00 0 -
+Rule Palestine 2023 max - Mar Sat<=30 2:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
9:00 - JST 1944 Nov
8:00 Phil P%sT
+# Bahrain
# Qatar
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
3:00 - +03
-Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
+# Kuwait
# Saudi Arabia
+# Yemen
+#
+# Japan's year-round bases in Antarctica match this since 1970.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3:00 - +03
-Link Asia/Riyadh Antarctica/Syowa
-Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
-Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
# Singapore
# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
- 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
+ 7:30 - +0730 1981 Dec 31 16:00u
8:00 - +08
# Spratly Is
# Our brief summary:
# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
-# Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2022-10-05):
+# Syria is adopting year-round DST, starting this autumn....
+# From https://www.enabbaladi.net/archives/607812
+# "This [the decision] came after the weekly government meeting today,
+# Tuesday 4 October ..."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-05):
+# Like Jordan, model this as a transition from EEST +03 (DST) to plain +03
+# (non-DST) at the point where DST would otherwise have ended.
Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
+Rule Syria 2012 2022 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Syria 2009 2022 - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
- 2:00 Syria EE%sT
+ 2:00 Syria EE%sT 2022 Oct 28 0:00
+ 3:00 - +03
# Tajikistan
# From Shanks & Pottenger.
Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
+ 5:00 1:00 +06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
5:00 - +05
+# Cambodia
+# Christmas I
+# Laos
# Thailand
+# Vietnam (northern)
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
7:00 - +07
-Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
-Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
# Turkmenistan
# From Shanks & Pottenger.
4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
5:00 - +05
+# Oman
+# Réunion
+# Seychelles
# United Arab Emirates
+#
+# The Crozet Is also observe Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
4:00 - +04
-Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
# Uzbekistan
# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
5:00 - +05
-# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8.
+ #STDOFF 4:37:10.8
Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
5:00 - +05
-# Vietnam
+# Vietnam (southern)
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27) after a 2014 heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
# is quoted verbatim in:
# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
-# the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
-# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# the Paris Meridian; for now guess the former and round the exact
+# 07:06:30.1333... to 07:06:30.13 as the legal spec used 66 2/3 ms precision.
# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
# is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
#
# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
+ #STDOFF 7:06:30.13
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:30 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
# For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
# use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
# For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.
-
-
-# Yemen
-# See Asia/Riyadh.
10:00 1:00 AEDT 2011
10:00 AT AE%sT
-# Christmas
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
- 7:00 - +07
-
-# Cocos (Keeling) Is
-# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
-# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
- 6:30 - +0630
-
-
# Fiji
# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
# concerned shifting arrival and departure times, which may look like a simple
# thing but requires some significant logistical adjustments domestically and
# internationally."
-# Assume for now that DST will resume with the recent pre-2020 rules for the
-# 2022/2023 season.
+
+# From Shalvin Narayan (2022-10-27):
+# Please note that there will not be any daylight savings time change
+# in Fiji for 2022-2023....
+# https://www.facebook.com/FijianGovernment/posts/pfbid0mmWVTYmTibn66ybpFda75pDcf34SSpoSaskJW5gXwaKo5Sgc7273Q4fXWc6kQV6Hl
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-27):
+# For now, assume DST is suspended indefinitely.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Fiji 2015 2021 - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 -
Rule Fiji 2019 only - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 -
Rule Fiji 2020 only - Dec 20 2:00 1:00 -
-Rule Fiji 2022 max - Nov Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 -
-Rule Fiji 2023 max - Jan Sun>=12 3:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
12:00 Fiji +12/+13
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
# it is uninhabited.
+
# Guam
+# N Mariana Is
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
# http://guamlegislature.com/Public_Laws_5th/PL05-025.pdf
9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 31
10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23
10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
-Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
-# Kiribati
+
+# Kiribati (Gilbert Is)
+# Marshall Is
+# Tuvalu
+# Wake
+# Wallis & Futuna
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
12:00 - +12
+
+# Kiribati (except Gilbert Is)
+# See Pacific/Tarawa for the Gilbert Is.
+# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Kanton 0 - -00 1937 Aug 31
-12:00 - -12 1979 Oct
-11:00 - -11 1994 Dec 31
-10:00 - -10 1994 Dec 31
14:00 - +14
-# N Mariana Is
-# See Pacific/Guam.
-
# Marshall Is
+# See Pacific/Tarawa for most locations.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
- 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct
- 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
- 11:00 - +11 1937
- 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
- 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30
- 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
- 12:00 - +12
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
11:00 - +11 1937
10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
12:00 - +12
# Micronesia
+# For Chuuk and Yap see Pacific/Port_Moresby.
+# For Pohnpei see Pacific/Guadalcanal.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
- 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
- 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct
- 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
- 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
- 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug
- 10:00 - +10
-Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia
- 10:32:52 - LMT 1901
- 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct
- 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
- 11:00 - +11 1937
- 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
- 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug
- 11:00 - +11
Zone Pacific/Kosrae -13:08:04 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
10:51:56 - LMT 1901
11:00 - +11 1914 Oct
###############################################################################
# New Zealand
+# McMurdo Station and Scott Base in Antarctica use Auckland time.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
12:00 NZ NZ%sT
+
Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
12:15 - +1215 1946 Jan 1
12:45 Chatham +1245/+1345
-Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
-
# Auckland Is
# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
# and scientific personnel have wintered
# Niue
-# See Pacific/Raratonga comments for 1952 transition.
+# See Pacific/Rarotonga comments for 1952 transition.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2021-09-13):
# Consecutive contemporaneous editions of The Air Almanac listed -11:20 for
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
10:00 - +10
-Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Antarctica/DumontDUrville
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
-8:00 - -08
# American Samoa
+# Midway
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1892 Jul 5
-11:22:48 - LMT 1911
-11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
-Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
13:00 - +13 1999
13:00 Tonga +13/+14
-# Tuvalu
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
- 12:00 - +12
-
# US minor outlying islands
# Kingman
# uninhabited
-# Midway
-# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
-
# Palmyra
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
-# Wake
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
- 12:00 - +12
-
# Vanuatu
Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
11:00 Vanuatu +11/+12
-# Wallis and Futuna
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
- 12:00 - +12
-
###############################################################################
# NOTES
# to have the extra hour of sunshine removed from their area." See:
# Daylight saving coming to WA in 2019. Guardian Express. 2018-04-01.
# https://www.communitynews.com.au/guardian-express/news/exclusive-daylight-savings-coming-wa-summer-2018/
+# [The article ends with "Today's date is April 1."]
# Queensland
# "In Marshall Islands, Friday is followed by Sunday", NY Times. 1993-08-22.
# https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/22/world/in-marshall-islands-friday-is-followed-by-sunday.html
-# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
-# <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時> ... pointed out that
-# currently tzdata say Pacific/Kwajalein switched from GMT+11 to GMT-12 in
-# 1969 October without explanation, however an 1993 article from NYT say it
-# synchorized its day with US mainland about 40 years ago and thus the switch
-# should occur at around 1950s instead.
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
-# The NYT (actually, AP) article is vague and possibly wrong about this.
-# The article says the earlier switch was "40 years ago when the United States
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-31):
+# Phake Nick (2018-10-27) noted <https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/南洋群島の標準時>'s
+# citation of a 1993 AP article published in the New York Times saying
+# Kwajalein synchronized its day with the US mainland about 40 years earlier.
+# However the AP article is vague and possibly wrong about this. The article
+# says the earlier switch was "about 40 years ago when the United States
# Army established a missile test range here". However, the Kwajalein Test
# Center was established on 1960-10-01 and was run by the US Navy. It was
# transferred to the US Army on 1964-07-01. See "Seize the High Ground"
# Like the Ladrones (see Guam commentary), assume the Spanish East Indies
# kept American time until the Philippines switched at the end of 1844.
-# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
-# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
-# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
-#
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
-# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
-
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
# through the third Sunday in January at 03:00, like Fiji, for now.
# From David Wade (2017-10-18):
-# In August government was disolved by the King. The current prime minister
+# In August government was dissolved by the King. The current prime minister
# continued in office in care taker mode. It is easy to see that few
# decisions will be made until elections 16th November.
#
# For now, guess that DST is discontinued. That's what the IATA is guessing.
-# Wake
-
-# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
-# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
-#
-# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
-# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
-# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
-# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
-# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
-# impossible.
-#
-# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
-# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
-
-# See also the commentary for Micronesia.
-
-
###############################################################################
# The International Date Line
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
# This file provides links from old or merged timezone names to current ones.
-# Many names changed in late 1993. Several of these names are
+# Many names changed in 1993 and in 1995, and many merged names moved here
+# in the period from 2013 through 2022. Several of these names are
# also present in the file 'backzone', which has data important only
# for pre-1970 timestamps and so is out of scope for tzdb proper.
-# Link TARGET LINK-NAME
-Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmera
-Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Timbuktu
-Link America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
-Link America/Adak America/Atka
-Link America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires America/Buenos_Aires
-Link America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Catamarca
-Link America/Panama America/Coral_Harbour
-Link America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Cordoba
-Link America/Tijuana America/Ensenada
-Link America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Fort_Wayne
-Link America/Nuuk America/Godthab
-Link America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Indianapolis
-Link America/Argentina/Jujuy America/Jujuy
-Link America/Indiana/Knox America/Knox_IN
-Link America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Louisville
-Link America/Argentina/Mendoza America/Mendoza
-Link America/Toronto America/Montreal
-Link America/Rio_Branco America/Porto_Acre
-Link America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Rosario
-Link America/Tijuana America/Santa_Isabel
-Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Virgin
-Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/South_Pole
-Link Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad
-Link Asia/Kolkata Asia/Calcutta
-Link Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chongqing
-Link Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chungking
-Link Asia/Dhaka Asia/Dacca
-Link Asia/Shanghai Asia/Harbin
-Link Asia/Urumqi Asia/Kashgar
-Link Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Katmandu
-Link Asia/Macau Asia/Macao
-Link Asia/Yangon Asia/Rangoon
-Link Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Saigon
-Link Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Tel_Aviv
-Link Asia/Thimphu Asia/Thimbu
-Link Asia/Makassar Asia/Ujung_Pandang
-Link Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator
-Link Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Faeroe
-Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
-Link Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT
-Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
-Link Australia/Hobart Australia/Currie
+# Although this file is optional and tzdb will work if you omit it by
+# building with 'make BACKWARD=', in practice downstream users
+# typically use this file for backward compatibility.
+
+# This file is divided into sections, one for each major reason for a
+# backward compatibility link. Each section is sorted by link name.
+
+# A "#= TARGET1" comment labels each link inserted only because some
+# .zi parsers (including tzcode through 2022e) mishandle links to links.
+# The comment says what the target would be if these parsers were fixed
+# so that data could contain links to links. For example, the line
+# "Link Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT #= Australia/Canberra" would be
+# "Link Australia/Canberra Australia/ACT" were it not that data lines
+# refrain from linking to links like Australia/Canberra, which means
+# the Australia/ACT line links instead to Australia/Sydney,
+# Australia/Canberra's target.
+
+
+# Pre-1993 naming conventions
+
+# Link TARGET LINK-NAME #= TARGET1
+Link Australia/Sydney Australia/ACT #= Australia/Canberra
Link Australia/Lord_Howe Australia/LHI
Link Australia/Sydney Australia/NSW
Link Australia/Darwin Australia/North
Link Australia/Melbourne Australia/Victoria
Link Australia/Perth Australia/West
Link Australia/Broken_Hill Australia/Yancowinna
-Link America/Rio_Branco Brazil/Acre
+Link America/Rio_Branco Brazil/Acre #= America/Porto_Acre
Link America/Noronha Brazil/DeNoronha
Link America/Sao_Paulo Brazil/East
Link America/Manaus Brazil/West
Link America/Havana Cuba
Link Africa/Cairo Egypt
Link Europe/Dublin Eire
+# Vanguard section, for most .zi parsers.
+#Link GMT Etc/GMT
+#Link GMT Etc/GMT+0
+#Link GMT Etc/GMT-0
+#Link GMT Etc/GMT0
+#Link GMT Etc/Greenwich
+# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
+Link Etc/GMT Etc/GMT+0
+Link Etc/GMT Etc/GMT-0
+Link Etc/GMT Etc/GMT0
+Link Etc/GMT Etc/Greenwich
+# End of rearguard section.
Link Etc/UTC Etc/UCT
-Link Europe/London Europe/Belfast
-Link Europe/Chisinau Europe/Tiraspol
+Link Etc/UTC Etc/Universal
+Link Etc/UTC Etc/Zulu
Link Europe/London GB
Link Europe/London GB-Eire
+# Vanguard section, for most .zi parsers.
+#Link GMT GMT+0
+#Link GMT GMT-0
+#Link GMT GMT0
+#Link GMT Greenwich
+# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
Link Etc/GMT GMT+0
Link Etc/GMT GMT-0
Link Etc/GMT GMT0
Link Etc/GMT Greenwich
+# End of rearguard section.
Link Asia/Hong_Kong Hongkong
-Link Atlantic/Reykjavik Iceland
+Link Africa/Abidjan Iceland #= Atlantic/Reykjavik
Link Asia/Tehran Iran
Link Asia/Jerusalem Israel
Link America/Jamaica Jamaica
Link America/Mexico_City Mexico/General
Link Pacific/Auckland NZ
Link Pacific/Chatham NZ-CHAT
-Link America/Denver Navajo
+Link America/Denver Navajo #= America/Shiprock
Link Asia/Shanghai PRC
-Link Pacific/Kanton Pacific/Enderbury
-Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
-Link Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape
-Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Samoa
-Link Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Truk
-Link Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Yap
Link Europe/Warsaw Poland
Link Europe/Lisbon Portugal
Link Asia/Taipei ROC
Link Etc/UTC Universal
Link Europe/Moscow W-SU
Link Etc/UTC Zulu
+
+
+# Two-part names that were renamed mostly to three-part names in 1995
+
+# Link TARGET LINK-NAME #= TARGET1
+Link America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires America/Buenos_Aires
+Link America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Catamarca
+Link America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Cordoba
+Link America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Indianapolis
+Link America/Argentina/Jujuy America/Jujuy
+Link America/Indiana/Knox America/Knox_IN
+Link America/Kentucky/Louisville America/Louisville
+Link America/Argentina/Mendoza America/Mendoza
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Virgin #= America/St_Thomas
+Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Samoa
+
+
+# Pre-2013 practice, which typically had a Zone per zone.tab line
+
+# Link TARGET LINK-NAME
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Accra
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Anguilla
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Antigua
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Aruba
+Link America/Panama America/Atikokan
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Blanc-Sablon
+Link America/Panama America/Cayman
+Link America/Phoenix America/Creston
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Curacao
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Dominica
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Grenada
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Kralendijk
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Lower_Princes
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Marigot
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Montserrat
+Link America/Toronto America/Nassau
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Port_of_Spain
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Barthelemy
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Kitts
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Thomas
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Tortola
+Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Antarctica/DumontDUrville
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
+Link Asia/Riyadh Antarctica/Syowa
+Link Asia/Urumqi Antarctica/Vostok
+Link Europe/Berlin Arctic/Longyearbyen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
+Link Asia/Kuching Asia/Brunei
+Link Asia/Singapore Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/Reykjavik
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena
+Link Europe/Brussels Europe/Amsterdam
+Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
+Link Europe/Berlin Europe/Copenhagen
+Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
+Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
+Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana
+Link Europe/Brussels Europe/Luxembourg
+Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
+Link Europe/Paris Europe/Monaco
+Link Europe/Berlin Europe/Oslo
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica
+Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje
+Link Europe/Berlin Europe/Stockholm
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo
+Link Asia/Bangkok Indian/Christmas
+Link Asia/Yangon Indian/Cocos
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
+Link Indian/Maldives Indian/Kerguelen
+Link Asia/Dubai Indian/Mahe
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
+Link Asia/Dubai Indian/Reunion
+Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Chuuk
+Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Funafuti
+Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Majuro
+Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway
+Link Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Pohnpei
+Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan
+Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Wake
+Link Pacific/Tarawa Pacific/Wallis
+
+
+# Non-zone.tab locations with timestamps since 1970 that duplicate
+# those of an existing location
+
+# Link TARGET LINK-NAME
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Timbuktu
+Link America/Argentina/Catamarca America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
+Link America/Adak America/Atka
+Link America/Panama America/Coral_Harbour
+Link America/Tijuana America/Ensenada
+Link America/Indiana/Indianapolis America/Fort_Wayne
+Link America/Toronto America/Montreal
+Link America/Toronto America/Nipigon
+Link America/Iqaluit America/Pangnirtung
+Link America/Rio_Branco America/Porto_Acre
+Link America/Winnipeg America/Rainy_River
+Link America/Argentina/Cordoba America/Rosario
+Link America/Tijuana America/Santa_Isabel
+Link America/Denver America/Shiprock
+Link America/Toronto America/Thunder_Bay
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/South_Pole
+Link Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chongqing
+Link Asia/Shanghai Asia/Harbin
+Link Asia/Urumqi Asia/Kashgar
+Link Asia/Jerusalem Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link Europe/Berlin Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+Link Australia/Sydney Australia/Canberra
+Link Australia/Hobart Australia/Currie
+Link Europe/London Europe/Belfast
+Link Europe/Chisinau Europe/Tiraspol
+Link Europe/Kyiv Europe/Uzhgorod
+Link Europe/Kyiv Europe/Zaporozhye
+Link Pacific/Kanton Pacific/Enderbury
+Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
+Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Yap
+
+
+# Alternate names for the same location
+
+# Link TARGET LINK-NAME #= TARGET1
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmera #= Africa/Asmara
+Link America/Nuuk America/Godthab
+Link Asia/Ashgabat Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link Asia/Kolkata Asia/Calcutta
+Link Asia/Shanghai Asia/Chungking #= Asia/Chongqing
+Link Asia/Dhaka Asia/Dacca
+# Istanbul is in both continents.
+Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul
+Link Asia/Kathmandu Asia/Katmandu
+Link Asia/Macau Asia/Macao
+Link Asia/Yangon Asia/Rangoon
+Link Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Asia/Saigon
+Link Asia/Thimphu Asia/Thimbu
+Link Asia/Makassar Asia/Ujung_Pandang
+Link Asia/Ulaanbaatar Asia/Ulan_Bator
+Link Atlantic/Faroe Atlantic/Faeroe
+Link Europe/Kyiv Europe/Kiev
+# Classically, Cyprus is in Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
+# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
+Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
+Link Pacific/Guadalcanal Pacific/Ponape #= Pacific/Pohnpei
+Link Pacific/Port_Moresby Pacific/Truk #= Pacific/Chuuk
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+# When proposing changes to this file, please use 'git format-patch'
+# format, either by attaching the resulting .patch file to your email,
+# or by using 'git send-email'. This will help maintainers save time.
+
# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
# Zones are sorted by zone name. Each zone is preceded by the
# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
+# If the zone overrides links in the main data, it
+# is followed by the corresponding Link lines.
+# If the zone overrides main-data links only when building with
+# PACKRATLIST=zone.tab, it is followed by a commented-out Link line
+# that starts with "#PACKRATLIST zone.tab".
#
# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0:00 - GMT 1934 Feb 26
-1:00 - -01 1960 Jun 20
0:00 - GMT
+#PACKRATLIST zone.tab Link Africa/Bamako Africa/Timbuktu
# Central African Republic
Zone Africa/Bangui 1:14:20 - LMT 1912
Rule SL 1933 1938 - Mar 31 24:00 0 -01
Rule SL 1933 1939 - Aug 31 24:00 0:20 -0040
Rule SL 1939 only - May 31 24:00 0 -01
+
Zone Africa/Freetown -0:53:00 - LMT 1882
-0:53:00 - FMT 1913 Jul 1 # Freetown MT
-1:00 SL %s 1939 Sep 5
-1:00 - -01 1941 Dec 6 24:00
- 0:00 SL GMT/+01
+ 0:00 - GMT
# Botswana
# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
1:00 - WAT
# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
-Zone Africa/Lubumbashi 1:49:52 - LMT 1897 Nov 9
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-28):
+# My main source for its time zone history is
+# Henri le Corre, Régimes horaires pour l'Europe et l'Afrique.
+# Shanks follows le Corre. As does Françoise Schneider-Gauquelin in her book
+# Problèmes de l'heure résolus pour le monde entier.
+#
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi 1:49:52 - LMT 1897 Nov 9
+ 1:00 - WAT 1920 Apr 25
2:00 - CAT
# Zambia
-6:00 1:00 CDT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
-6:00 Canada C%sT 1945 Sep 30 2:00
-5:00 - EST
+#PACKRATLIST zone.tab Link America/Atikokan America/Coral_Harbour
# Quebec east of Natashquan
-5:00 Bahamas E%sT 1976
-5:00 US E%sT
+# Canada
+# From Chris Walton (2022-10-15):
+# I would also like to see America/Nipigon and America/Rainy_River converted
+# into link entries because I have zero faith in the current Shanks based data.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):
+# These are now links in the primary data. Also see America/Thunder_Bay.
+Zone America/Nipigon -5:53:04 - LMT 1895
+ -5:00 Canada E%sT 1940 Sep 29
+ -5:00 1:00 EDT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
+ -5:00 Canada E%sT
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time,
+# Pangnirtung wobbled. Here is the result of their wobble:
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time:
+#
+# First Air, Power Corp, Nunavut Construction, Health Center, RCMP,
+# Eastern Arctic National Parks, A & D Specialist
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time:
+#
+# Hamlet office, All other businesses, Both schools, Airport operator
+#
+# This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news.
+# No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to
+# change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not
+# really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally.
+# They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart,
+# so it appears that the situation will last at least that long.
+# The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to
+# their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with
+# the current state of affairs.
+
+# From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
+# Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
+# central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
+# for municipal offices and schools.... Igloolik [was similar but then]
+# made the switch to central time on Saturday, Nov. 6.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
+# The implication is that Pangnirtung and Qikiqtarjuaq have observed Eastern
+# Time as far back as 1984 (and likely even further back than that).
+# It is possible that these communities never actually observed Atlantic
+# Time, but that would be difficult to prove.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):
+# This is in 'backzone' as we have no good evidence that Pangnirtung differs
+# from America/Iqaluit since 1970. A Google Books snippet view of
+# volume 2, page 186 of "Pilot of Arctic Canada", published 1959 by
+# the Canadian Hydrographic Service, suggests (though does not state)
+# that Pangnirtung observed EST then.
+#
+# aka Panniqtuuq
+Zone America/Pangnirtung 0 - -00 1921 # trading post est.
+ -5:00 NT_YK E%sT 1999 Oct 31 2:00
+ -6:00 Canada C%sT 2000 Oct 29 2:00
+ -5:00 Canada E%sT
+
# United States
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-03-18):
-4:00 - AST
Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot
Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy
-Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Virgin
+
+# Canada
+# From Chris Walton (2022-10-15):
+# I would also like to see America/Nipigon and America/Rainy_River converted
+# into link entries because I have zero faith in the current Shanks based data.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):
+# These are now links in the primary data. Also see America/Thunder_Bay.
+Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 - LMT 1895
+ -6:00 Canada C%sT 1940 Sep 29
+ -6:00 1:00 CDT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
+ -6:00 Canada C%sT
# Argentina
# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
-4:04:56 - KMT 1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
-4:00 - AST
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) writes (p. 17) "In the Cities of Fort William, and
+# Port Arthur, Ontario, the principle of the Bill has been in
+# operation for the past three years, and in the City of Moose Jaw,
+# Saskatchewan, for one year."
+#
+# From David Bryan via Tory Tronrud, Director/Curator,
+# Thunder Bay Museum (2003-11-12):
+# There is some suggestion, however, that, by-law or not, daylight
+# savings time was being practiced in Fort William and Port Arthur
+# before 1909.... [I]n 1910, the line between the Eastern and Central
+# Time Zones was permanently moved about two hundred miles west to
+# include the Thunder Bay area.... When Canada adopted daylight
+# savings time in 1916, Fort William and Port Arthur, having done so
+# already, did not change their clocks.... During the Second World
+# War,... [t]he cities agreed to implement DST during the summer
+# months for the remainder of the war years.
+#
+# From Jeffery Nichols (2020-02-06):
+# According to the [Shanks] atlas, those western Ontario zones are huge,
+# covering most of Ontario northwest of Sault Ste Marie and Timmins.
+# The zones seem to include towns bigger than the ones they're named after,
+# like Dryden in America/Rainy_River and Wawa (and maybe Attawapiskat) in
+# America/Nipigon. I assume it's too much trouble to change the name of the
+# zone (like when you found out that America/Glace_Bay includes Sydney, Nova
+# Scotia)....
+#
+# From Chris Walton (2022-10-15):
+# The TZ database currently shows that Thunder Bay has observed daylight
+# saving every year from 1970 onwards with the exception of 1973.
+# Back in July I raised some doubts on this mailing list about the 1973 data.
+# I now have more proof that it is wrong.
+# [attached Chronicle-Journal front pages, 1973-04-28 and 1973-10-27]
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-15):
+# This is now a link in the primary data. The following entry is
+# from Shanks & Pottenger, with corrections as noted above.
+#
+Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 - LMT 1895
+ -6:00 - CST 1910
+ -5:00 - EST 1942
+ -5:00 Canada E%sT 1970
+ -5:00 Toronto E%sT 1974
+ -5:00 Canada E%sT
+
# British Virgin Is
Zone America/Tortola -4:18:28 - LMT 1911 Jul # Road Town
-4:00 - AST
# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
# was established on 1957-01-29. Since Syowa station is still the main
# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
-Zone Antarctica/Syowa 0 - -00 1957 Jan 29
- 3:00 - +03
# See:
# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa 0 - -00 1957 Jan 29
+ 3:00 - +03
+
+# Vostok, Antarctica
+#
+# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
+# Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
+# time as Moscow, Russia.
+#
+# From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
+# I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
+# what they had to say about time there:
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
+# 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
+# of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
+# This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
+# in person. He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
+# time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
+# changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
+# solar noon. So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
+# happened to be during their visit. So we still don't really know what time
+# it is at Vostok. But we'll guess +06.
+#
+Zone Antarctica/Vostok 0 - -00 1957 Dec 16
+ 6:00 - +06
# Yemen
# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
3:00 - +03
+# Brunei
+Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
+ 7:30 - +0730 1933
+ 8:00 - +08
+
# India
#
# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
5:00 - +05 1980 May
8:00 PRC C%sT
+# peninsular Malaysia
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
+# This agrees with Singapore since 1905-06-01.
+Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
+ 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
+ 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
+ 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
+ 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
+ 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
+ 7:30 - +0730 1981 Dec 31 16:00u
+ 8:00 - +08
+
# Kuwait
Zone Asia/Kuwait 3:11:56 - LMT 1950
3:00 - +03
# From Whitman:
Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - -01
+# Iceland
+#
+# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
+# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
+#
+# (1993-12-05):
+# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
+# Iceland Almanak.
+#
+# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
+# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
+# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavík mean solar time which
+# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
+#
+# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
+# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
+# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
+# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
+#
+# (1993-12-10):
+# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
+# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
+# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
+# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
+# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
+# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
+# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
+# might mean something else (???).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
+# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
+# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
+#
+Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
+Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
+# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
+Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
+Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
+# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
+Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
+# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
+Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
+Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
+
+Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
+ -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
+ 0:00 - GMT
+Link Atlantic/Reykjavik Iceland
+
# St Helena
Zone Atlantic/St_Helena -0:22:48 - LMT 1890 # Jamestown
-0:22:48 - JMT 1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
10:00 Aus AE%sT 1968 Oct 15
10:00 AT AE%sT
+
+# Netherlands
+
+# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
+# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
+# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
+# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
+# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
+# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
+# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
+# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
+# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
+# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
+#
+# (2001-04-08):
+# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
+# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
+# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# (2001-04-09):
+# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
+# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
+# actually followed.
+#
+# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
+# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
+# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
+# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
+# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
+# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
+# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
+# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
+# I invented the abbreviations AMT for Amsterdam Mean Time and NST for
+# Netherlands Summer Time, used in the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937.
+
+Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
+Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
+Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
+Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
+Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
+# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
+# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
+Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
+Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+ #STDOFF 0:19:32.13
+Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
+ 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
+ 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
+ 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+
+
# Northern Ireland
Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EU GMT/BST
+
+# Denmark
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# the law [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
+# The page https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1893/83
+# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
+#
+# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
+# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1972/21100
+#
+# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
+# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1974/223
+#
+# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
+# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
+# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
+# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
+# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
+# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
+# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
+# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
+# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
+# was suspended on that night):
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20140104053304/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=60267
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
+# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
+# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
+# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
+
+Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
+Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
+Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
+#
+Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
+ 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
+ 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
+ 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+
# Guernsey
# Data from Joseph S. Myers
# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
1:00 EU CE%sT
+
+# Luxembourg
+
+# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
+Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
+Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
+
+Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
+ 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
+ 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
+ 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
+ 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+
+# Monaco
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
+# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1892-05-24, online at
+# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b1c67c12c5af11b41ea888fb048e4fe8.pdf
+# we read: ...
+# [In virtue of a Sovereign Ordinance of the May 13 of the current [year],
+# legal time in the Principality will be set to, from the date of June 1,
+# 1892 onwards, to the meridian of Paris, as in France.]
+# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1911-03-28, online at
+# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/de74ffb7db53d4f599059fe8f0ed482a.pdf
+# we read an ordinance of 1911-03-16: ...
+# [Legal time in the Principality will be set, from the date of promulgation
+# of the present ordinance, to legal time in France.... Consequently, legal
+# time will be retarded by 9 minutes and 21 seconds.]
+#
+Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1892 Jun 1
+ 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time
+ 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
+ 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+
+
+# Norway
+
+# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
+# Pottenger.
+Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
+Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
+Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
+
+Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
+ 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
+ 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
+#PACKRATLIST zone.tab Link Europe/Oslo Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+
# Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zone Europe/Sarajevo 1:13:40 - LMT 1884
1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
1:00 EU CE%sT
+# Sweden
+
+# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
+# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
+# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
+#
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
+# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
+# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
+#
+# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
+# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
+# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
+# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
+# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
+#
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
+# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
+# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
+#
+# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
+# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
+# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
+# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
+# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
+# the Sök-button).
+#
+# (2001-05-13):
+#
+# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
+# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
+# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
+# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
+# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
+# hour before the event took place.
+#
+# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
+
+# An extra-special abbreviation style is SET for Swedish Time (svensk
+# normaltid) 1879-1899, 3° west of the Stockholm Observatory.
+
+Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
+ 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
+ 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
+ 1:00 - CET 1980
+ 1:00 EU CE%sT
+
# Moldova / Transnistria
Zone Europe/Tiraspol 1:58:32 - LMT 1880
2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
+# Ukraine
+#
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991,
+# this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous government resolutions
+# (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian spelling, but
+# "Uzhgorod" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
+ 1:00 - CET 1940
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
+ 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
+ 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
+ 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
+ 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
+ 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 20
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
+
# Liechtenstein
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich starting June 1894.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
+# I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
+# I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
+# the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
+
Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1:00 EU CE%sT
1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
1:00 EU CE%sT
+# Ukraine
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Zaporizhzhia and eastern Lugansk
+# observed DST 1990/1991, this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous
+# government resolutions (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Zaporizhzhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Zaporozhye" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
+ 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
+ 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
+ 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
+ 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
+ 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
+ 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1992 Mar 20
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT
+
# Madagascar
Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 - LMT 1911 Jul
3:00 - EAT 1954 Feb 27 23:00s
3:00 1:00 EAST 1954 May 29 23:00s
3:00 - EAT
+# Christmas
+Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
+ 7:00 - +07
+
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
+# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
+# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
+Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
+ 6:30 - +0630
+
# Comoros
Zone Indian/Comoro 2:53:04 - LMT 1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
3:00 - EAT
+# Kerguelen
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen 0 - -00 1950 # Port-aux-Français
+ 5:00 - +05
+
+# Seychelles
+#
+# From P Chan (2020-11-27):
+# Standard Time was adopted on 1907-01-01.
+#
+# Standard Time Ordinance (Chapter 237)
+# The Laws of Seychelles in Force on the 31st December, 1971, Vol. 6, p 571
+# https://books.google.com/books?id=efE-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA571
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2020-12-05):
+# A footnote on https://books.google.com/books?id=DYdDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1689
+# confirms that Ordinance No. 9 of 1906 "was brought into force on the 1st
+# January, 1907."
+
+Zone Indian/Mahe 3:41:48 - LMT 1907 Jan 1 # Victoria
+ 4:00 - +04
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
+# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
+# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976. We don't know
+# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
+# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
+
+
# Mayotte
Zone Indian/Mayotte 3:00:56 - LMT 1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
3:00 - EAT
+# Réunion
+Zone Indian/Reunion 3:41:52 - LMT 1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
+ 4:00 - +04
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
+# The following information about them is taken from
+# Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# We have no info about their time zone histories.
+#
+# Bassas da India - uninhabited
+# Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
+# Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
+# Juan de Nova - uninhabited
+# Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
+
+# Micronesia
+# Also see Pacific/Pohnpei and commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
+# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
+# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk -13:52:52 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
+ 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
+ 10:00 - +10 1914 Oct
+ 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
+ 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug
+ 10:00 - +10
+Link Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Truk
+Link Pacific/Chuuk Pacific/Yap
+
# Phoenix Islands, Kiribati
# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-27):
# Enderbury was inhabited 1860/1880s to mine guano, and 1938-03-06/1942-02-09
-12:00 - -12 1942 Feb 9
0 - -00
+# Tuvalu
+Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
+ 12:00 - +12
+
# Johnston
Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
+# Marshall Is
+Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
+ 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct
+ 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
+ 11:00 - +11 1937
+ 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
+ 9:00 - +09 1944 Jan 30
+ 11:00 - +11 1969 Oct
+ 12:00 - +12
+
# Midway
#
# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
-11:00 - -11 1956 Jun 3
-11:00 1:00 -10 1956 Sep 2
- -11:00 - -11
+ -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
+
+# Micronesia
+# Also see Pacific/Chuuk and commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei -13:27:08 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 # Kolonia
+ 10:32:52 - LMT 1901
+ 11:00 - +11 1914 Oct
+ 9:00 - +09 1919 Feb 1
+ 11:00 - +11 1937
+ 10:00 - +10 1941 Apr 1
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug
+ 11:00 - +11
+Link Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape
# N Mariana Is
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-16):
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Saipan used +09 and then switched
+# to Guam time in October 1969, this is surely wrong.
+# Saipan used Guam time in the late 1950s; see page 4 of the minutes on the
+# conference of the 12th Saipan Legislature and the Select Committee on
+# Saipan Mission, 5th Guam Legislature (1959-09-11):
+# http://www.nmhcouncil.org/nmhc_archives/U.S.%20Navy%20Civil%20Affairs%20Files%201944-1962/1959/1959%2009%2017%20letter,%20minutes%20of%20conference,%20Borja.pdf
+# For now, assume Saipan switched to Guam time after the Battle of Saipan.
+#
Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
9:43:00 - LMT 1901
- 9:00 - +09 1969 Oct
- 10:00 - +10 2000 Dec 23
+ 9:00 - +09 1944 Jul 9
+ 10:00 Guam G%sT 2000 Dec 23
10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
+
+# Wake
+
+# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
+# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
+#
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
+# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
+# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
+# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
+# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
+# impossible.
+#
+# https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrsonv.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
+
+# Also see commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
+Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
+ 12:00 - +12
+
+
+# Wallis and Futuna
+Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
+ 12:00 - +12
+
# Local Variables:
# coding: utf-8
# End:
Grotefend's data
-From: "Michael Palmer" [with one obvious typo fixed]
+From: "Michael Palmer" [with two obvious typos fixed]
Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
31 Dec 1700/
12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zürich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
- Turgau, and Schaffhausen
+ Thurgau, and Schaffhausen
1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
# Do not use a POSIX TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours
# behind GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
-Zone Etc/GMT 0 - GMT
+# The following zone is used by tzcode functions like gmtime,
+# which load the "UTC" file to handle seconds properly.
Zone Etc/UTC 0 - UTC
+# Functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
+# Vanguard section, which works with most .zi parsers.
+#Zone GMT 0 - GMT
+# Rearguard section, for TZUpdater 2.3.2 and earlier.
+Zone Etc/GMT 0 - GMT
+
# The following link uses older naming conventions,
# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
-# as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
-# We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
+# as it is needed for tzcode releases through 2022a,
+# where functions like gmtime load "GMT" instead of the "Etc/UTC".
+# We want this to work even on installations that omit 'backward'.
Link Etc/GMT GMT
-
-Link Etc/UTC Etc/Universal
-Link Etc/UTC Etc/Zulu
-
-Link Etc/GMT Etc/Greenwich
-Link Etc/GMT Etc/GMT-0
-Link Etc/GMT Etc/GMT+0
-Link Etc/GMT Etc/GMT0
+# End of rearguard section.
# Be consistent with POSIX TZ settings in the Zone names,
# even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
# UT-00:25:22 and cites the International Telegraph Bureau. As it is
# not clear that there was any practical significance to the change
# from UT-00:25:22 to UT-00:25:21.1 in civil timekeeping, omit this
-# transition for now and just use the latter value, omitting its
-# fraction since our format cannot represent fractions.
+# transition for now and just use the latter value.
# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
+Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0:00 EU GMT/BST
-Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
-Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
-Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
# From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
# In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
+ #STDOFF -0:25:21.1
+Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
-0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
3:00 - +03
# Belgium
+# Luxembourg
+# Netherlands
#
# From Michael Deckers (2019-08-25):
# The exposition in the web page
1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
# Bulgaria
#
# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Croatia
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
# Cyprus
# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
-# Czech Republic / Czechia
+# Czech Republic (Czechia)
+# Slovakia
#
# From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
# The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
# End of rearguard section.
1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
-
-# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
-
-# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
-# the law [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
-# The page https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1893/83
-# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
-#
-# The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
-# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1972/21100
-#
-# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
-# in subsequent decrees with the law
-# https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/1974/223
-#
-# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
-# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
-# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
-# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
-# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
-# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
-# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
-# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
-# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
-# was suspended on that night):
-# https://web.archive.org/web/20140104053304/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=60267
-
-# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
-# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
-# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
-# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
-# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
-#
+# Faroe Is
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
- 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
- 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
- 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
0:00 - WET 1981
0:00 EU WE%sT
+
+# Greenland
#
# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
# "National Park" by Executive Order:
# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
# It is their only National Park.
-#
+
+# From Jonas Nyrup (2022-11-24):
+# On last Saturday in October 2023 when DST ends America/Nuuk will switch
+# from -03/-02 to -02/-01
+# https://sermitsiaq.ag/forslagtidsforskel-danmark-mindskes-sommertid-beholdes
+# ...
+# https://sermitsiaq.ag/groenland-skifte-tidszone-trods-bekymringer
+#
+# From Jürgen Appel (2022-11-25):
+# https://ina.gl/samlinger/oversigt-over-samlinger/samling/dagsordener/dagsorden.aspx?lang=da&day=24-11-2022
+# If I understand this correctly, from the next planned switch to
+# summer time, Greenland will permanently stay at that time, i.e. no
+# switch back to winter time in 2023 will occur.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-28):
+# The official document in Danish
+# https://naalakkersuisut.gl/-/media/naalakkersuisut/filer/kundgoerelser/2022/11/2511/31_da_inatsisartutlov-om-tidens-bestemmelse.pdf?la=da&hash=A33597D8A38CC7038465241119EF34F3
+# says standard time for Greenland is -02, that Naalakkersuisut can lay down
+# rules for DST and can require some areas to use a different time zone,
+# and that this all takes effect 2023-03-25 22:00. The abovementioned
+# "bekymringer" URL says the intent is no transition March 25, that
+# Greenland will not go back to winter time in fall 2023, and that
+# only America/Nuuk is affected (though further changes may occur).
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
-1:00 EU -01/+00
Zone America/Nuuk -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Godthåb
-3:00 - -03 1980 Apr 6 2:00
- -3:00 EU -03/-02
+ -3:00 EU -03/-02 2023 Mar 25 22:00
+ -2:00 - -02
Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
-4:00 Thule A%sT
Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
-# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
-# round to nearest.
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document).
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF 1:39:49.2
Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Åland Is
-Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
-
-
# France
+# Monaco
# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
#
1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1:00 EU CE%sT
+# Denmark
# Germany
+# Norway
+# Sweden
# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
+# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
+# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
+# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
+# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
+# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
+# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
+# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
+# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
+# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
+# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
+# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
+# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
+# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
+# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
+#
+# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
+# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
+# keeping Berlin time.
+#
+# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
+# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
+# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
+# frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
+# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
+#
+# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
+# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
+# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
+# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
+# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
+# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
+# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
+# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
+# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
+#
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Berlin
+# for these regions.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
-# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
-# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
-# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
-# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
-# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
-#
-# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
-# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
-
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
-# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
-
-Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
-
# Georgia
# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
# Gibraltar
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1:00 - CET 1982
1:00 EU CE%sT
1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1984
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Iceland
-#
-# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
-# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
-#
-# (1993-12-05):
-# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
-# Iceland Almanak.
-#
-# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
-# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
-# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavík mean solar time which
-# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
-#
-# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
-# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
-# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
-# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
-#
-# (1993-12-10):
-# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
-# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
-# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
-# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
-# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
-# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
-# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
-# might mean something else (???).
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
-# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
-# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
-#
-# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
-# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
-Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
-Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
-# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
-Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
-# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
-Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
-Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
- -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
- 0:00 - GMT
-
# Italy
+# San Marino
+# Vatican City
#
# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Dec 12
- 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
+ 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:00u # Rome Mean
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1:00 EU CE%sT
-# Kosovo
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-
-Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
-Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
-
# Latvia
# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Liechtenstein
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
-
-# From Alois Treindl (2019-07-04):
-# I was able to access the online archive of the Vaduz paper Vaterland ...
-# I could confirm from the paper that Liechtenstein did in fact follow
-# the same DST in 1941 and 1942 as Switzerland did.
-
-Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
-
-
# Lithuania
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Luxembourg
-# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
-# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
-Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
- 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
- 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
- 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
- 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
- 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# North Macedonia
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
# Malta
#
# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
+Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1:00 EU CE%sT
# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
2:00 Moldova EE%sT
-# Monaco
-#
-# From Michael Deckers (2020-06-12):
-# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1892-05-24, online at
-# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b1c67c12c5af11b41ea888fb048e4fe8.pdf
-# we read: ...
-# [In virtue of a Sovereign Ordinance of the May 13 of the current [year],
-# legal time in the Principality will be set to, from the date of June 1,
-# 1892 onwards, to the meridian of Paris, as in France.]
-# In the "Journal de Monaco" of 1911-03-28, online at
-# https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/de74ffb7db53d4f599059fe8f0ed482a.pdf
-# we read an ordinance of 1911-03-16: ...
-# [Legal time in the Principality will be set, from the date of promulgation
-# of the present ordinance, to legal time in France.... Consequently, legal
-# time will be retarded by 9 minutes and 21 seconds.]
-#
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1892 Jun 1
- 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 29 # Paris Mean Time
- 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
- 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Montenegro
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
-
-# Netherlands
-
-# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
-# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
-
-# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
-# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
-# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
-# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
-# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
-# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
-# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
-# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
-# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
-#
-# (2001-04-08):
-# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
-# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
-# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
-#
-# (2001-04-09):
-# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
-# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
-# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
-# actually followed.
-#
-# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
-# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
-# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
-# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
-# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
-#
-# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
-# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
-# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
-# Amsterdam mean time.
-
-# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
-# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2021-05-09):
-# I invented the abbreviations AMT for Amsterdam Mean Time and NST for
-# Netherlands Summer Time, used in the Netherlands from 1835 to 1937.
-
-# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
-Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
-Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
-Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
-# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
-# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
-Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
-Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
-#
-# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
-# below because the current format requires STDOFF to be an integer.
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
- 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
- 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
- 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Norway
-# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
-# Pottenger.
-# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
-Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
-Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
- 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
- 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
-
-# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
-
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
-# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
-# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
-# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
-# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
-# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
-# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
-# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
-# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
-# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
-# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
-# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
-# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
-# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
-# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
-# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
-# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
-# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
-
-# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
-#
-# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
-# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
-# keeping Berlin time.
-#
-# <https://www.jan-mayen.no/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
-# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
-# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
-# frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
-# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
-# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
-# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
-#
-# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
-# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
-# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
-# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
-# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
-# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
-# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
-# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
-# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
-#
-# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
-# for these regions.
-Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
-
# Poland
# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
# https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
-# Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
#
# From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
# article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF -0:36:44.68
Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
-0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
0:00 EU WE%sT
-# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
-1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
+# -2:00 Port %z 1966 Apr 3 2:00
+# -1:00 Port %z 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+# -1:00 W-Eur %z 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
-2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
-2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
-2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
-2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
-1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
+# End of rearguard section.
0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
-1:00 EU -01/+00
-# This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
-1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
+# Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support %z.
+# -1:00 Port %z 1966 Apr 3 2:00
+# Rearguard section, for parsers lacking %z; see ziguard.awk.
-1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
-1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
-1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
-1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
-1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
-1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
+# End of rearguard section.
0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0:00 EU WE%sT
# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
# 2 days before the switch.
#
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-02-15):
+# the Russian wikipedia page
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Московское_время#Перемещение_границы_применения_московского_времени_на_восток
+# contains the sentence (in Google translation) "In the autumn of
+# 1981, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan,
+# Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and regions to the east
+# of those named (about 30 in total) parted ways with Moscow time.
+# However, the convenience of common time with Moscow turned out to be
+# decisive - in 1982, these regions again switched to Moscow time."
+# Shanks International atlas has similar information, and also the
+# Russian book Zaitsev A., Kutalev D. A new astrologer's reference
+# book. Coordinates of cities and time corrections, - The World of
+# Urania, 2012 (Russian: Зайцев А., Куталёв Д., Новый справочник
+# астролога. Координаты городов и временные поправки).
+# To me it seems that an extra zone is needed, which starts with LMT
+# util 1919, later follows Moscow since 1930, but deviates from it
+# between 1 October 1981 until 1 April 1982.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-15):
# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
# chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
# should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
- 2:00 - EET 1992
+ 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 20
# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
#
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reported that central Crimea switched
+# from Kyiv to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
-# changed in May.
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
- 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
+# changed in May. This change evidently didn't last long; see below.
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also said that Kerch is still like Kyiv.
+ 3:00 C-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
-# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) said Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
# https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
-# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
-# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
-# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
+# to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
+# contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
+# time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
+# https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583
2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3:00 - MSK
# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
-# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9.
# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
+ #STDOFF 4:02:32.9
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
# 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
+# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
+# Tomponsky and Ust-Maysky switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
# in 2011.
# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
-# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
-# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
+# From Arthur David Olson (2022-03-21):
+# Oymyakonsky and the Kuril Islands switched from
# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
#
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
12:00 - +12
-
-# San Marino
-# See Europe/Rome.
-
+# Bosnia & Herzegovina
+# Croatia
+# Kosovo
+# Montenegro
+# North Macedonia
# Serbia
+# Slovenia
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
1:00 EU CE%sT
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # North Macedonia
-Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
-
-# Slovakia
-Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
-
-# Slovenia
-# See Europe/Belgrade.
# Spain
#
Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:45:16
+Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00u
0:00 Spain WE%sT 1940 Mar 16 23:00
1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
1:00 EU CE%sT
-Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1900 Dec 31 23:38:44
+Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00u
0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
0:00 - WET 1924
# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
-# Sweden
-
-# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
-#
-# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
-# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
-# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
-# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
-# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
-#
-# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
-# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
-# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
-#
-# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
-# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
-# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
-# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
-# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
-# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
-# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
-# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
-#
-# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
-# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
-# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
-# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
-#
-# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
-# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
-# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
-# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
-# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
-# the Sök-button).
-#
-# (2001-05-13):
-#
-# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
-# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
-# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
-# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
-# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
-# hour before the event took place.
-#
-# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
-
-# An extra-special abbreviation style is SET for Swedish Time (svensk
-# normaltid) 1879-1899, 3° west of the Stockholm Observatory.
-
-# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
- 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
- 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
- 1:00 - CET 1980
- 1:00 EU CE%sT
+# Germany (Busingen enclave)
+# Liechtenstein
# Switzerland
+#
# From Howse:
# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
+# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
+# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
+# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
+# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
+# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
+#
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
+# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
+# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3:00 - +03
-Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
# Ukraine
#
+# From Alois Treindl (2014-03-01):
+# REGULATION A N O V A on March 20, 1992 N 139 ... means that from
+# 1992 on, Ukraine had DST with begin time at 02:00 am, on last Sunday
+# in March, and end time 03:00 am, last Sunday in September....
+# CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE RESOLUTION on May 13, 1996 N 509
+# "On the order of computation time on the territory of Ukraine" ....
+# As this cabinet decision is from May 1996, it seems likely that the
+# transition in March 1996, which predates it, was still at 2:00 am
+# and not at 3:00 as would have been under EU rules.
+# This is why I have set the change to EU rules into May 1996,
+# so that the change in March is stil covered by the Ukraine rule.
+# The next change in October 1996 happened under EU rules....
+# TZ database holds three other zones for Ukraine.... I have not yet
+# worked out the consequences for these three zones, as we (me and my
+# US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
+# information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):
+# For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
+# except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
+
# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
# The law documents themselves are at
# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
-# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kyiv time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
# 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
# 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
-# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-03):
-# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
-# For example, tzdb uses Europe/Kiev, as "Kiev" is the most common spelling in
-# English for Ukraine's capital, even though it is certainly wrong as a
-# transliteration of the Ukrainian "Київ". This is similar to tzdb's use of
-# Europe/Prague, which is certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech
-# "Praha". ("Kiev" came from old Slavic via Russian to English, and "Prague"
-# came from old Slavic via French to English, so the two cases have something
-# in common.) Admittedly English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is
-# controversial, and some day "Kyiv" may become substantially more popular in
-# English; in the meantime, stick with the traditional English "Kiev" as that
-# means less disruption for our users.
-
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-# This represents most of Ukraine. See above for the spelling of "Kiev".
-Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
- 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
+Zone Europe/Kyiv 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
+ 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kyiv Mean Time
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
+ 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1996 May 13
2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
-# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
-Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
- 1:00 - CET 1940
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
- 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
- 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
- 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
- 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
- 2:00 - EET 1992
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
-# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
-# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
-# portable Posix file names.
-Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
- 2:20 - +0220 1924 May 2
- 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
- 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
- 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
- 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
-
-# Vatican City
-# See Europe/Rome.
###############################################################################
# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
#
-# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-02):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-18):
# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes. Columns are
# separated by a single tab. Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
# All text uses UTF-8 encoding. The columns of the table are as follows:
#
# 1. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
-# ISO 3166-1 N976 (2018-11-06). See: Updates on ISO 3166-1
+# ISO 3166-1 N1087 (2022-09-02). See: Updates on ISO 3166-1
# https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/Open/16944257
# 2. The usual English name for the coded region,
# chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
SZ Eswatini (Swaziland)
TC Turks & Caicos Is
TD Chad
-TF French Southern & Antarctic Lands
+TF French Southern Territories
TG Togo
TH Thailand
TJ Tajikistan
# current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
# will not change.
#
-# Updated through IERS Bulletin C62
-# File expires on: 28 June 2022
+# Updated through IERS Bulletin C64
+# File expires on: 28 June 2023
#
-#@ 3865363200
+#@ 3896899200
#
2272060800 10 # 1 Jan 1972
2287785600 11 # 1 Jul 1972
# the hash line is also ignored in the
# computation.
#
-#h 599d45bf accd4b4f 8b60e46 49b623 7d13b825
+#h 2c413af9 124e1031 f165174 ff527c6b 756ae00b
# Any additional leap seconds will come after this.
# This Expires line is commented out for now,
# so that pre-2020a zic implementations do not reject this file.
-#Expires 2022 Jun 28 00:00:00
+#Expires 2023 Jun 28 00:00:00
# POSIX timestamps for the data in this file:
#updated 1467936000 (2016-07-08 00:00:00 UTC)
-#expires 1656374400 (2022-06-28 00:00:00 UTC)
+#expires 1687910400 (2023-06-28 00:00:00 UTC)
-# Updated through IERS Bulletin C62
-# File expires on: 28 June 2022
+# Updated through IERS Bulletin C64
+# File expires on: 28 June 2023
# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
-# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch. Round to the
-# nearest second.
+# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER
Rule NYC 1920 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule NYC 1921 1954 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule NYC 1955 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/New_York -4:56:02 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
+ #STDOFF -4:56:01.6
+Zone America/New_York -4:56:02 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 17:00u
-5:00 US E%sT 1920
-5:00 NYC E%sT 1942
-5:00 US E%sT 1946
Rule Chicago 1922 1954 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Chicago 1955 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
+Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1920
-6:00 Chicago C%sT 1936 Mar 1 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1936 Nov 15 2:00
-6:00 Chicago C%sT 1967
-6:00 US C%sT
# Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
-Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
-7:00 US M%sT 1992 Oct 25 2:00
-6:00 US C%sT
# Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
# Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
# but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
# See <http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2003/October/Day-28/i27056.htm>.
-Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
+Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
-7:00 US M%sT 2003 Oct 26 2:00
-6:00 US C%sT
# largest city in Mercer County). Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
# at 47° 15' 51" N, 101° 46' 40" W, which yields an offset of 6h47'07".
-Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
-7:00 US M%sT 2010 Nov 7 2:00
-6:00 US C%sT
Rule Denver 1965 1966 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Denver 1965 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Denver -6:59:56 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
+Zone America/Denver -6:59:56 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
-7:00 US M%sT 1920
-7:00 Denver M%sT 1942
-7:00 US M%sT 1946
Rule CA 1950 1961 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule CA 1962 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
+Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 20:00u
-8:00 US P%sT 1946
-8:00 CA P%sT 1967
-8:00 US P%sT
# Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Phoenix -7:28:18 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
+Zone America/Phoenix -7:28:18 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 19:00u
-7:00 US M%sT 1944 Jan 1 0:01
-7:00 - MST 1944 Apr 1 0:01
-7:00 US M%sT 1944 Oct 1 0:01
-7:00 - MST 1967
-7:00 US M%sT 1968 Mar 21
-7:00 - MST
-Link America/Phoenix America/Creston
# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
# A writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
# switched four weeks late in 1974.
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Boise -7:44:49 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
+Zone America/Boise -7:44:49 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 20:00u
-8:00 US P%sT 1923 May 13 2:00
-7:00 US M%sT 1974
-7:00 - MST 1974 Feb 3 2:00
Rule Indianapolis 1941 1954 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Indianapolis 1946 1954 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
+Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1920
-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT 1942
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
Rule Marengo 1954 1960 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Marengo 1954 1960 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:14:37
+Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1951
-6:00 Marengo C%sT 1961 Apr 30 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1969
Rule Vincennes 1961 only - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Vincennes 1962 1963 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:53
+Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
-6:00 Vincennes C%sT 1964 Apr 26 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1969
Rule Perry 1956 1963 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Perry 1961 1963 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:12:57
+Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
-6:00 Perry C%sT 1964 Apr 26 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1967 Oct 29 2:00
Rule Pike 1956 1964 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Pike 1961 1964 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:10:53
+Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1955
-6:00 Pike C%sT 1965 Apr 25 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1966 Oct 30 2:00
Rule Starke 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Starke 1959 1961 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:13:30
+Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1947
-6:00 Starke C%sT 1962 Apr 29 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1963 Oct 27 2:00
Rule Pulaski 1955 1956 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Pulaski 1957 1960 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:13:35
+Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
-6:00 Pulaski C%sT 1961 Apr 30 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1969
#
# Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
+Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1954 Apr 25 2:00
-5:00 - EST 1969
-5:00 US E%sT 1973
Rule Louisville 1950 1955 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Louisville 1956 1961 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
+Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1921
-6:00 Louisville C%sT 1942
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
# https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2000-08-17/html/00-20854.htm
#
-Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
+Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 18:00u
-6:00 US C%sT 1946
-6:00 - CST 1968
-6:00 US C%sT 2000 Oct 29 2:00
# Ontario
-# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Ontario has been like
-# Toronto.
-# Thunder Bay skipped DST in 1973.
-# Many smaller locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1974;
-# Nipigon (EST) and Rainy River (CST) are the largest that we know of.
-# Far west Ontario is like Winnipeg; far east Quebec is like Halifax.
-
-# From Jeffery Nichols (2020-02-06):
-# According to the [Shanks] atlas, those western Ontario zones are huge,
-# covering most of Ontario northwest of Sault Ste Marie and Timmins.
-# The zones seem to include towns bigger than the ones they're named after,
-# like Dryden in America/Rainy_River and Wawa (and maybe Attawapiskat) in
-# America/Nipigon. I assume it's too much trouble to change the name of the
-# zone (like when you found out that America/Glace_Bay includes Sydney, Nova
-# Scotia)....
-
# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
# [According to the Toronto Star] Orillia, Ontario, adopted DST
# effective Saturday, 1912-06-22, 22:00; the article mentions that
# From Mark Brader (2010-03-06):
#
-# Currently the database has:
-#
-# # Ontario
-#
-# # From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
-# # Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Ontario has been like
-# # Toronto.
-# # Thunder Bay skipped DST in 1973.
-# # Many smaller locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1974;
-# # Nipigon (EST) and Rainy River (CST) are the largest that we know of.
-#
# In the (Toronto) Globe and Mail for Saturday, 1955-09-24, in the bottom
# right corner of page 1, it says that Toronto will return to standard
# time at 2 am Sunday morning (which agrees with the database), and that:
# The one-hour setback will go into effect throughout most of Ontario,
# except in areas like Windsor which remains on standard time all year.
#
-# Windsor is, of course, a lot larger than Nipigon.
-#
-# I only came across this incidentally. I don't know if Windsor began
-# observing DST when Detroit did, or in 1974, or on some other date.
+# ... I don't know if Windsor began observing DST when Detroit did,
+# or in 1974, or on some other date.
#
# By the way, the article continues by noting that:
#
# Toronto Star, which said that DST was ending 1971-10-31 as usual.
Rule Toronto 1957 1973 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
-# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
-# Willett (1914-03) writes (p. 17) "In the Cities of Fort William, and
-# Port Arthur, Ontario, the principle of the Bill has been in
-# operation for the past three years, and in the City of Moose Jaw,
-# Saskatchewan, for one year."
-
-# From David Bryan via Tory Tronrud, Director/Curator,
-# Thunder Bay Museum (2003-11-12):
-# There is some suggestion, however, that, by-law or not, daylight
-# savings time was being practiced in Fort William and Port Arthur
-# before 1909.... [I]n 1910, the line between the Eastern and Central
-# Time Zones was permanently moved about two hundred miles west to
-# include the Thunder Bay area.... When Canada adopted daylight
-# savings time in 1916, Fort William and Port Arthur, having done so
-# already, did not change their clocks.... During the Second World
-# War,... [t]he cities agreed to implement DST during the summer
-# months for the remainder of the war years.
+# The Bahamas match Toronto since 1970.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Toronto -5:17:32 - LMT 1895
-5:00 Canada E%sT 1946
-5:00 Toronto E%sT 1974
-5:00 Canada E%sT
-Link America/Toronto America/Nassau
-Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 - LMT 1895
- -6:00 - CST 1910
- -5:00 - EST 1942
- -5:00 Canada E%sT 1970
- -5:00 Toronto E%sT 1973
- -5:00 - EST 1974
- -5:00 Canada E%sT
-Zone America/Nipigon -5:53:04 - LMT 1895
- -5:00 Canada E%sT 1940 Sep 29
- -5:00 1:00 EDT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
- -5:00 Canada E%sT
-Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 - LMT 1895
- -6:00 Canada C%sT 1940 Sep 29
- -6:00 1:00 CDT 1942 Feb 9 2:00s
- -6:00 Canada C%sT
# For Atikokan see America/Panama.
# Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon
+# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
+# Whitehorse Star - Thursday April 22, 1965 - page 1
+# title: DST Starts Monday ...
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578587481/
+# The title of this first article is wrong and/or misleading.
+# Also, the start time shown in the article is vague; it simply says "after
+# midnight" when it probably should have stated 2:00a.m....
+#
+# Whitehorse Star - Monday October 25, 1965 - page 15 ...
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578589147/
+# The 1965 Yukon Council minutes can be found here:
+# http://assets.yukonarchives.ca/PER_YG_06_1965_C20_S02_v1.pdf
+# ... I do not currently believe that NWT touched any of its clocks in 1965....
+#
+# Whitehorse Star - Thursday Feb 24,1966 - page 2
+# title: It's Time for YDT ...
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578575979/ ...
+# America/Whitehorse as a permanent change from UTC-9(YST) to
+# UTC-8(PST) at 00:00 on Sunday February 27, 1966....
+#
+# Whitehorse Star - Friday April 28,1972 - page 6
+# title: Daylight Saving Time for N.W.T....
+# https://www.newspapers.com/image/578701610/ ...
+# Nunavut and NWT zones ... DST starting in 1972.... Start and End ...
+# should be the same as the rest of Canada
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-06):
+# For now, assume Yukon's 1965-04-22 spring forward was 00:00 -> 02:00, as this
+# seems likely than 02:00 -> 04:00 and matches "after midnight".
+
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Dawson switched to PST in 1973. Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
# Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
# https://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
+# From Chris Walton (2022-11-06):
+# The 5th edition of the Atlas of Canada contains a time zone map that
+# shows both legislated and observed time zone boundaries.
+# All communities on Baffin Island are shown to be observing Eastern time.
+# The date on the map is 1984.
+# https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/raster/atlas_5_ed/eng/other/referencemaps/mcr4056.pdf
+
# From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
# Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
# Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
# Basic Facts: The New Territory
# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
-# (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
-# and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST. We don't know when
-# Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
-
-# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
-# On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time,
-# Pangnirtung wobbled. Here is the result of their wobble:
-#
-# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time:
-#
-# First Air, Power Corp, Nunavut Construction, Health Center, RCMP,
-# Eastern Arctic National Parks, A & D Specialist
-#
-# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time:
-#
-# Hamlet office, All other businesses, Both schools, Airport operator
-#
-# This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news.
-# No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to
-# change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not
-# really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally.
-# They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart,
-# so it appears that the situation will last at least that long.
-# The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to
-# their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with
-# the current state of affairs.
-
-# From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
-# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
-# http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
-# Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
-# central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
-# for municipal offices and schools.... Igloolik [was similar but then]
-# made the switch to central time on Saturday, Nov. 6.
+# (1999) reports that ... Coral Harbour does not observe DST.
# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
# Matthews and Vincent (1998) say the following, but we lack histories
Rule NT_YK 1942 only - Feb 9 2:00 1:00 W # War
Rule NT_YK 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace
Rule NT_YK 1945 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 S
-Rule NT_YK 1965 only - Apr lastSun 0:00 2:00 DD
-Rule NT_YK 1965 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
-Rule NT_YK 1980 1986 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
-Rule NT_YK 1980 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
+Rule NT_YK 1972 1986 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule NT_YK 1972 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule NT_YK 1987 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Yukon 1965 only - Apr lastSun 0:00 2:00 DD
+Rule Yukon 1965 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-# aka Panniqtuuq
-Zone America/Pangnirtung 0 - -00 1921 # trading post est.
- -4:00 NT_YK A%sT 1995 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
- -5:00 Canada E%sT 1999 Oct 31 2:00
- -6:00 Canada C%sT 2000 Oct 29 2:00
- -5:00 Canada E%sT
# formerly Frobisher Bay
Zone America/Iqaluit 0 - -00 1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
-5:00 NT_YK E%sT 1999 Oct 31 2:00
-7:00 NT_YK M%sT 1980
-7:00 Canada M%sT
Zone America/Whitehorse -9:00:12 - LMT 1900 Aug 20
- -9:00 NT_YK Y%sT 1967 May 28 0:00
- -8:00 NT_YK P%sT 1980
+ -9:00 NT_YK Y%sT 1965
+ -9:00 Yukon Y%sT 1966 Feb 27 0:00
+ -8:00 - PST 1980
-8:00 Canada P%sT 2020 Nov 1
-7:00 - MST
Zone America/Dawson -9:17:40 - LMT 1900 Aug 20
- -9:00 NT_YK Y%sT 1973 Oct 28 0:00
- -8:00 NT_YK P%sT 1980
+ -9:00 NT_YK Y%sT 1965
+ -9:00 Yukon Y%sT 1973 Oct 28 0:00
+ -8:00 - PST 1980
-8:00 Canada P%sT 2020 Nov 1
-7:00 - MST
# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
# longitude they are located at.
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):
+# The new Mexican law was published today:
+# https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
+# This abolishes DST except where US DST rules are observed,
+# and in addition changes all of Chihuahua to -06 with no DST.
+
+# From Heitor David Pinto (2022-11-28):
+# Now the northern municipalities want to have the same time zone as the
+# respective neighboring cities in the US, for example Juárez in UTC-7 with
+# DST, matching El Paso, and Ojinaga in UTC-6 with DST, matching Presidio....
+# the president authorized the publication of the decree for November 29,
+# so the time change would occur on November 30 at 0:00.
+# http://puentelibre.mx/noticia/ciudad_juarez_cambio_horario_noviembre_2022/
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule Mexico 1931 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 D
+Rule Mexico 1931 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
Rule Mexico 1939 only - Feb 5 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Mexico 1939 only - Jun 25 0:00 0 S
Rule Mexico 1940 only - Dec 9 0:00 1:00 D
Rule Mexico 1996 2000 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
Rule Mexico 2001 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
Rule Mexico 2001 only - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
-Rule Mexico 2002 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
-Rule Mexico 2002 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
+Rule Mexico 2002 2022 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule Mexico 2002 2022 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
-Zone America/Cancun -5:47:04 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:12:56
+Zone America/Cancun -5:47:04 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 6:00u
-6:00 - CST 1981 Dec 23
-5:00 Mexico E%sT 1998 Aug 2 2:00
-6:00 Mexico C%sT 2015 Feb 1 2:00
-5:00 - EST
# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
-Zone America/Merida -5:58:28 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:01:32
+Zone America/Merida -5:58:28 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 6:00u
-6:00 - CST 1981 Dec 23
-5:00 - EST 1982 Dec 2
-6:00 Mexico C%sT
# Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
# This includes the following municipalities:
-# in Coahuila: Ocampo, Acuña, Zaragoza, Jiménez, Piedras Negras, Nava,
-# Guerrero, Hidalgo.
-# in Nuevo León: Anáhuac, Los Aldama.
+# in Coahuila: Acuña, Allende, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jiménez, Morelos, Nava,
+# Ocampo, Piedras Negras, Villa Unión, Zaragoza
+# in Nuevo León: Anáhuac
# in Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, Miguel Alemán, Camargo,
# Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa, Río Bravo, Valle Hermoso, Matamoros.
-# See: Inicia mañana Horario de Verano en zona fronteriza, El Universal,
-# 2016-03-12
-# http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2016/03/12/inicia-manana-horario-de-verano-en-zona-fronteriza
-Zone America/Matamoros -6:40:00 - LMT 1921 Dec 31 23:20:00
+# https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5670045&fecha=28/10/2022
+Zone America/Matamoros -6:30:00 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 6:00u
-6:00 - CST 1988
-6:00 US C%sT 1989
-6:00 Mexico C%sT 2010
-6:00 US C%sT
# Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
-Zone America/Monterrey -6:41:16 - LMT 1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
+Zone America/Monterrey -6:41:16 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 6:00u
-6:00 - CST 1988
-6:00 US C%sT 1989
-6:00 Mexico C%sT
# Central Mexico
-Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:23:24
+Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
-7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
- -7:00 - MST 1931 May 1 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1931 Oct
- -7:00 - MST 1932 Apr 1
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
-6:00 Mexico C%sT 2001 Sep 30 2:00
-6:00 - CST 2002 Feb 20
-6:00 Mexico C%sT
-# Chihuahua (near US border)
+# Chihuahua (near US border - western side)
# This includes the municipalities of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe,
-# Práxedis G Guerrero, Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel Benavides.
-# (See the 2016-03-12 El Universal source mentioned above.)
-Zone America/Ojinaga -6:57:40 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:02:20
+# and Práxedis G Guerrero.
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/65/2a022/nov/20221124-VII.pdf
+Zone America/Ciudad_Juarez -7:05:56 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
-7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
- -7:00 - MST 1931 May 1 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1931 Oct
- -7:00 - MST 1932 Apr 1
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
-6:00 - CST 1996
-6:00 Mexico C%sT 1998
-6:00 - CST 1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
-7:00 Mexico M%sT 2010
+ -7:00 US M%sT 2022 Oct 30 2:00
+ -6:00 - CST 2022 Nov 30 0:00
-7:00 US M%sT
+# Chihuahua (near US border - eastern side)
+# The municipalities of Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel Benavides.
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/PDF/65/2a022/nov/20221124-VII.pdf
+Zone America/Ojinaga -6:57:40 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
+ -7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
+ -6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
+ -6:00 - CST 1996
+ -6:00 Mexico C%sT 1998
+ -6:00 - CST 1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 2010
+ -7:00 US M%sT 2022 Oct 30 2:00
+ -6:00 - CST 2022 Nov 30 0:00
+ -6:00 US C%sT
# Chihuahua (away from US border)
-Zone America/Chihuahua -7:04:20 - LMT 1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
+Zone America/Chihuahua -7:04:20 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
-7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
- -7:00 - MST 1931 May 1 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1931 Oct
- -7:00 - MST 1932 Apr 1
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
-6:00 - CST 1996
-6:00 Mexico C%sT 1998
-6:00 - CST 1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
- -7:00 Mexico M%sT
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 2022 Oct 30 2:00
+ -6:00 - CST
# Sonora
-Zone America/Hermosillo -7:23:52 - LMT 1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
+Zone America/Hermosillo -7:23:52 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
-7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
- -7:00 - MST 1931 May 1 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1931 Oct
- -7:00 - MST 1932 Apr 1
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
-6:00 - CST 1942 Apr 24
-7:00 - MST 1949 Jan 14
-8:00 - PST 1970
-7:00 Mexico M%sT 1999
-7:00 - MST
+# Baja California Sur, Nayarit (except Bahía de Banderas), Sinaloa
+Zone America/Mazatlan -7:05:40 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
+ -7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
+ -6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
+ -6:00 - CST 1942 Apr 24
+ -7:00 - MST 1949 Jan 14
+ -8:00 - PST 1970
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT
+
+# Bahía de Banderas
+
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
# changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
# From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
# Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
-# Mazatlán
-Zone America/Mazatlan -7:05:40 - LMT 1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
- -7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
- -7:00 - MST 1931 May 1 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1931 Oct
- -7:00 - MST 1932 Apr 1
- -6:00 - CST 1942 Apr 24
- -7:00 - MST 1949 Jan 14
- -8:00 - PST 1970
- -7:00 Mexico M%sT
-
-# Bahía de Banderas
-Zone America/Bahia_Banderas -7:01:00 - LMT 1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
+Zone America/Bahia_Banderas -7:01:00 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
-7:00 - MST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-6:00 - CST 1930 Nov 15
- -7:00 - MST 1931 May 1 23:00
- -6:00 - CST 1931 Oct
- -7:00 - MST 1932 Apr 1
+ -7:00 Mexico M%sT 1932 Apr 1
-6:00 - CST 1942 Apr 24
-7:00 - MST 1949 Jan 14
-8:00 - PST 1970
-6:00 Mexico C%sT
# Baja California
-Zone America/Tijuana -7:48:04 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 0:11:56
+Zone America/Tijuana -7:48:04 - LMT 1922 Jan 1 7:00u
-7:00 - MST 1924
-8:00 - PST 1927 Jun 10 23:00
-7:00 - MST 1930 Nov 15
# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
# It has been moved to the 'backward' file.
#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-10-28):
+# Today's new law states that the entire state of Baja California
+# follows US DST rules, which agrees with simplifications noted above.
+#
#
# Revillagigedo Is
# no information
###############################################################################
-# Anguilla
-# Antigua and Barbuda
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
-# The Bahamas
-# See America/Toronto.
-
-
# Barbados
-# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2; round that.
+# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2.
# From P Chan (2020-12-09 and 2020-12-11):
# Standard time of GMT-4 was adopted in 1911.
Rule Barb 1979 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 S
Rule Barb 1980 only - Sep 25 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF -3:58:29.2
Zone America/Barbados -3:58:29 - LMT 1911 Aug 28 # Bridgetown
-4:00 Barb A%sT 1944
-4:00 Barb AST/-0330 1945
# Bermuda
-# From Paul Eggert (2020-11-24):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-07-27):
# For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I. This agrees with standard offset given in the
-# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 cited below. Round that to the nearest second.
+# Daylight Saving Act, 1917 cited below.
# It is not known when this time became standard for Bermuda; guess 1890.
# The transition to -04 was specified by:
# 1930: The Time Zone Act, 1929 (1929: No. 39) [1929-11-08]
Rule Bermuda 1956 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF -4:19:18.3
Zone Atlantic/Bermuda -4:19:18 - LMT 1890 # Hamilton
-4:19:18 Bermuda BMT/BST 1930 Jan 1 2:00
-4:00 Bermuda A%sT 1974 Apr 28 2:00
-4:00 Canada A%sT 1976
-4:00 US A%sT
-# Caribbean Netherlands
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
-# Cayman Is
-# See America/Panama.
-
# Costa Rica
-# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule CR 1979 1980 - Feb lastSun 0:00 1:00 D
Rule CR 1992 only - Mar 15 0:00 0 S
# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF -5:36:13.3
Zone America/Costa_Rica -5:36:13 - LMT 1890 # San José
-5:36:13 - SJMT 1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
-6:00 CR C%sT
-5:29:36 - HMT 1925 Jul 19 12:00 # Havana MT
-5:00 Cuba C%sT
-# Dominica
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
# Dominican Republic
# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-30):
Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 - LMT 1921 # San Salvador
-6:00 Salv C%sT
-# Grenada
-# Guadeloupe
-# St Barthélemy
-# St Martin (French part)
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
# Guatemala
#
# From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
# Jamaica
# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
-# island". Go with Milne. Round to the nearest second as required by zic.
+# island". Go with Milne.
#
# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
#
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF -5:07:10.41
Zone America/Jamaica -5:07:10 - LMT 1890 # Kingston
-5:07:10 - KMT 1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
-5:00 - EST 1974
-4:00 1:00 ADT 1980 Sep 28
-4:00 - AST
-# Montserrat
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
# Nicaragua
#
# This uses Shanks & Pottenger for times before 2005.
-5:00 - EST 1997
-6:00 Nic C%sT
+# Cayman Is
# Panama
+#
+# Atikokan and Coral Harbour, Canada, match Panama since 1970.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Panama -5:18:08 - LMT 1890
-5:19:36 - CMT 1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
-5:00 - EST
-Link America/Panama America/Atikokan
-Link America/Panama America/Cayman
+# Anguilla
+# Antigua & Barbuda
+# Aruba
+# Caribbean Netherlands
+# Curaçao
+# Dominica
+# Grenada
+# Guadeloupe
+# Montserrat
# Puerto Rico
+# St Barthélemy
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+# Sint Maarten / St Martin
+# St Lucia
+# St Vincent & the Grenadines
+# Trinidad & Tobago
+# Virgin Is (UK & US)
+#
# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 - LMT 1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
-4:00 - AST 1942 May 3
-4:00 US A%sT 1946
-4:00 - AST
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Anguilla
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Antigua
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Aruba
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Curacao
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Blanc-Sablon # Quebec (Lower North Shore)
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Dominica
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Grenada
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Guadeloupe
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Kralendijk # Caribbean Netherlands
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Lower_Princes # Sint Maarten
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Marigot # St Martin (French part)
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Montserrat
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Port_of_Spain # Trinidad & Tobago
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Kitts # St Kitts & Nevis
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Lucia
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Thomas # Virgin Islands (US)
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/St_Vincent
-Link America/Puerto_Rico America/Tortola # Virgin Islands (UK)
-
-# St Kitts-Nevis
-# St Lucia
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
# St Pierre and Miquelon
# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
-3:00 - -03 1987
-3:00 Canada -03/-02
-# St Vincent and the Grenadines
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
-# Sint Maarten
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
# Turks and Caicos
#
# From Chris Dunn in
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/Grand_Turk -4:44:32 - LMT 1890
+ #STDOFF -5:07:10.41
-5:07:10 - KMT 1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
-5:00 - EST 1979
-5:00 US E%sT 2015 Mar 8 2:00
-4:00 - AST 2018 Mar 11 3:00
-5:00 US E%sT
-# British Virgin Is
-# US Virgin Is
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
-
# Local Variables:
# coding: utf-8
# End:
#
# Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May # Córdoba Mean Time
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
# - Santiago del Estero switched to -4:00 on 1991-04-01,
# then to -3:00 on 1991-04-26.
#
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
#
# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# Tucumán (TM)
Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# La Rioja (LR)
Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# San Juan (SJ)
Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# Jujuy (JY)
Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# Mendoza (MZ)
Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
Rule SanLuis 2007 2008 - Oct Sun>=8 0:00 1:00 -
Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# Santa Cruz (SC)
Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
#
# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT 1894 Oct 31
+ #STDOFF -4:16:48.25
-4:16:48 - CMT 1920 May
-4:00 - -04 1930 Dec
-4:00 Arg -04/-03 1969 Oct 5
-3:00 Arg -03/-02 2008 Oct 18
-3:00 - -03
-# Aruba
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
# Bolivia
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone America/La_Paz -4:32:36 - LMT 1890
# From Rodrigo Severo (2004-10-04):
# It's just the biannual change made necessary by the much hyped, supposedly
-# modern Brazilian eletronic voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
+# modern Brazilian ... voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
# with a time change between the first and the second rounds of the elections.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-20):
# Chile
-# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-03-15):
# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
# 1890 and rounds its UT offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
# was the same offset as in 1916-1919. It also says Pacific/Easter
# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24). See:
# https://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
-# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.php
# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
#
# - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
# - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
# 1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
# Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
-# Quinta Normal in Santiago. Go with [2], rounding it to -4:42:46.
+# Quinta Normal in Santiago. Go with [1], as this matches the meridian
+# referred to by the relevant Chilean laws to this day.
#
# - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
# Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23). Go with [2].
# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
# may well be true for earlier transitions.
+# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-06):
+# For a brief period of roughly six weeks in 1946, DST was only observed on an
+# emergency basis in specific regions of central Chile; namely, "the national
+# territory between the provinces of Coquimbo and Concepción, inclusive".
+# This was enacted by Decree 3,891, dated 1946-07-13, and took effect
+# 1946-07-14 24:00, advancing these central regions to -03.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460715/#page/1
+# The decree contemplated "[t]hat this advancement of the Official Time, even
+# though it has been proposed for the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso only,
+# must be agreed with that of other cities, due to the connection of various
+# activities that require it, such as, for example, the operation of rail
+# services". It was originally set to expire after 30 days but was extended
+# through 1946-08-31 by Decree 4,506, dated 1946-08-13.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460814/#page/1
+#
+# Law Number 8,522, promulgated 1946-08-27, reunified Chilean clocks at their
+# new "Summer Time" of -04, reckoned as that of "the meridian of the
+# Astronomical Observatory of Lo Espejo, advanced by 42 minutes and 45
+# seconds". Although this law specified the new Summer Time to start on 1
+# September each year, a special "transitional article" started it a few days
+# early, as soon as the law took effect. As the law was to take force "from
+# the date of its publication in the 'Diario Oficial', which happened the
+# following day, presume the change took place in Santiago and its environs
+# from 24:00 -03 to 23:00 -04 on Wednesday 1946-08-28. Although this was a
+# no-op for wall clocks in the north and south of the country, put their formal
+# start to DST an hour later when they reached 24:00 -04.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19460828/#page/1
+# After a brief "Winter Time" stint at -05 beginning 1947-04-01, Law Number
+# 8,777, promulgated 1947-05-17, established year-round -04 "from 23:00 on the
+# second day after it is published in the 'Diario Oficial'." It was published
+# on Monday 1947-05-19 and so took effect from Wednesday 1947-05-21 23:00.
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do-h/19470519/#page/1
+
# From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
# The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
# of October.... The law is the same for March and October.
# So we extend the new rules on Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time indefinitely.
# From Juan Correa (2019-02-04):
# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2018/11/23/42212/01/1498738.pdf
-# From Paul Eggert (2019-09-01):
-# The above says the Magallanes exception expires 2022-04-02 at 24:00,
-# so in theory, they will revert to -04/-03 after that.
-# For now, assume that they will not revert,
-# since they have extended the expiration date once already.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2022-04-02):
+# I found there was a decree published last Thursday that will keep
+# Magallanes region to UTC -3 "indefinitely". The decree is available at
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/03/31/43217-B/01/2108910.pdf
+
+# From Juan Correa (2022-08-09):
+# the Internal Affairs Ministry (Ministerio del Interior) informed DST
+# for America/Santiago will start on midnight of September 11th;
+# and will end on April 1st, 2023. Magallanes region (America/Punta_Arenas)
+# will keep UTC -3 "indefinitely"... This is because on September 4th
+# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution.
+#
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2022-08-17):
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/08/13/43327/01/2172567.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-17):
+# Although the presidential decree stops at fall 2026, assume that
+# similar DST rules will continue thereafter.
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Chile 1927 1931 - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 -
Rule Chile 2016 2018 - May Sun>=9 3:00u 0 -
Rule Chile 2016 2018 - Aug Sun>=9 4:00u 1:00 -
Rule Chile 2019 max - Apr Sun>=2 3:00u 0 -
-Rule Chile 2019 max - Sep Sun>=2 4:00u 1:00 -
+Rule Chile 2019 2021 - Sep Sun>=2 4:00u 1:00 -
+Rule Chile 2022 only - Sep Sun>=9 4:00u 1:00 -
+Rule Chile 2023 max - Sep Sun>=2 4:00u 1:00 -
# IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
# (1996-09) says 1998-03-08. Ignore these.
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-Zone America/Santiago -4:42:46 - LMT 1890
- -4:42:46 - SMT 1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
+Zone America/Santiago -4:42:45 - LMT 1890
+ -4:42:45 - SMT 1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
-5:00 - -05 1916 Jul 1
- -4:42:46 - SMT 1918 Sep 10
+ -4:42:45 - SMT 1918 Sep 10
-4:00 - -04 1919 Jul 1
- -4:42:46 - SMT 1927 Sep 1
+ -4:42:45 - SMT 1927 Sep 1
-5:00 Chile -05/-04 1932 Sep 1
-4:00 - -04 1942 Jun 1
-5:00 - -05 1942 Aug 1
- -4:00 - -04 1946 Jul 15
- -4:00 1:00 -03 1946 Sep 1 # central Chile
- -4:00 - -04 1947 Apr 1
+ -4:00 - -04 1946 Jul 14 24:00
+ -4:00 1:00 -03 1946 Aug 28 24:00 # central CL
+ -5:00 1:00 -04 1947 Mar 31 24:00
-5:00 - -05 1947 May 21 23:00
-4:00 Chile -04/-03
Zone America/Punta_Arenas -4:43:40 - LMT 1890
- -4:42:46 - SMT 1910 Jan 10
+ -4:42:45 - SMT 1910 Jan 10
-5:00 - -05 1916 Jul 1
- -4:42:46 - SMT 1918 Sep 10
+ -4:42:45 - SMT 1918 Sep 10
-4:00 - -04 1919 Jul 1
- -4:42:46 - SMT 1927 Sep 1
+ -4:42:45 - SMT 1927 Sep 1
-5:00 Chile -05/-04 1932 Sep 1
-4:00 - -04 1942 Jun 1
-5:00 - -05 1942 Aug 1
- -4:00 - -04 1947 Apr 1
+ -4:00 - -04 1946 Aug 28 24:00
+ -5:00 1:00 -04 1947 Mar 31 24:00
-5:00 - -05 1947 May 21 23:00
-4:00 Chile -04/-03 2016 Dec 4
-3:00 - -03
# Colombia
-# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest. He writes,
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899. He writes,
# "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
+# From Alois Treindl (2022-11-10):
+# End of time change in Colombia 1993 ... should be 6 February 24h ...
+# DECRETO 267 DE 1993
+# https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1061335
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
-Rule CO 1992 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 -
-Rule CO 1993 only - Apr 4 0:00 0 -
+Rule CO 1992 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 -
+Rule CO 1993 only - Feb 6 24:00 0 -
# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+ #STDOFF -4:56:16.4
Zone America/Bogota -4:56:16 - LMT 1884 Mar 13
-4:56:16 - BMT 1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
-5:00 CO -05/-04
# Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
# no information; probably like America/Bogota
-# Curaçao
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-#
-# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
-# use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
-# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
-# and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes"....
-# From Paul Eggert (2021-09-29):
-# These backward-compatibility links now are in the 'northamerica' file.
# Ecuador
#
-3:30 - -0330 1984 Oct
-3:00 - -03
-# Trinidad and Tobago
-# See America/Puerto_Rico.
-
# Uruguay
# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
# Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
CA +5320-06025 America/Goose_Bay Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
CA +5125-05707 America/Blanc-Sablon AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
CA +4339-07923 America/Toronto Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
-CA +4901-08816 America/Nipigon Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
-CA +4823-08915 America/Thunder_Bay Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
-CA +6344-06828 America/Iqaluit Eastern - NU (most east areas)
-CA +6608-06544 America/Pangnirtung Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA +6344-06828 America/Iqaluit Eastern - NU (most areas)
CA +484531-0913718 America/Atikokan EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
CA +4953-09709 America/Winnipeg Central - ON (west); Manitoba
-CA +4843-09434 America/Rainy_River Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
CA +744144-0944945 America/Resolute Central - NU (Resolute)
CA +624900-0920459 America/Rankin_Inlet Central - NU (central)
CA +5024-10439 America/Regina CST - SK (most areas)
CA +6227-11421 America/Yellowknife Mountain - NT (central)
CA +682059-1334300 America/Inuvik Mountain - NT (west)
CA +4906-11631 America/Creston MST - BC (Creston)
-CA +5946-12014 America/Dawson_Creek MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA +5546-12014 America/Dawson_Creek MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
CA +5848-12242 America/Fort_Nelson MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
CA +6043-13503 America/Whitehorse MST - Yukon (east)
CA +6404-13925 America/Dawson MST - Yukon (west)
MU -2010+05730 Indian/Mauritius
MV +0410+07330 Indian/Maldives
MW -1547+03500 Africa/Blantyre
-MX +1924-09909 America/Mexico_City Central Time
-MX +2105-08646 America/Cancun Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
-MX +2058-08937 America/Merida Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
-MX +2540-10019 America/Monterrey Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
-MX +2550-09730 America/Matamoros Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
-MX +2313-10625 America/Mazatlan Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
-MX +2838-10605 America/Chihuahua Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
-MX +2934-10425 America/Ojinaga Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
-MX +2904-11058 America/Hermosillo Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
-MX +3232-11701 America/Tijuana Pacific Time US - Baja California
-MX +2048-10515 America/Bahia_Banderas Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
+MX +1924-09909 America/Mexico_City Central Mexico
+MX +2105-08646 America/Cancun Quintana Roo
+MX +2058-08937 America/Merida Campeche, Yucatan
+MX +2540-10019 America/Monterrey Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX +2550-09730 America/Matamoros Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX +2838-10605 America/Chihuahua Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX +3144-10629 America/Ciudad_Juarez Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX +2934-10425 America/Ojinaga Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX +2313-10625 America/Mazatlan Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX +2048-10515 America/Bahia_Banderas Bahia de Banderas
+MX +2904-11058 America/Hermosillo Sonora
+MX +3232-11701 America/Tijuana Baja California
MY +0310+10142 Asia/Kuala_Lumpur Malaysia (peninsula)
MY +0133+11020 Asia/Kuching Sabah, Sarawak
MZ -2558+03235 Africa/Maputo
TV -0831+17913 Pacific/Funafuti
TW +2503+12130 Asia/Taipei
TZ -0648+03917 Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
-UA +5026+03031 Europe/Kiev Ukraine (most areas)
-UA +4837+02218 Europe/Uzhgorod Transcarpathia
-UA +4750+03510 Europe/Zaporozhye Zaporozhye and east Lugansk
+UA +5026+03031 Europe/Kyiv Ukraine (most areas)
UG +0019+03225 Africa/Kampala
UM +2813-17722 Pacific/Midway Midway Islands
UM +1917+16637 Pacific/Wake Wake Island
#country-
#codes coordinates TZ comments
AD +4230+00131 Europe/Andorra
-AE,OM +2518+05518 Asia/Dubai
+AE,OM,RE,SC,TF +2518+05518 Asia/Dubai UAE, Oman, Réunion, Seychelles, Crozet, Scattered Is
AF +3431+06912 Asia/Kabul
AL +4120+01950 Europe/Tirane
AM +4011+04430 Asia/Yerevan
AQ -6448-06406 Antarctica/Palmer Palmer
AQ -6734-06808 Antarctica/Rothera Rothera
AQ -720041+0023206 Antarctica/Troll Troll
-AQ -7824+10654 Antarctica/Vostok Vostok
AR -3436-05827 America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
AR -3124-06411 America/Argentina/Cordoba Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
AR -2447-06525 America/Argentina/Salta Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
AZ +4023+04951 Asia/Baku
BB +1306-05937 America/Barbados
BD +2343+09025 Asia/Dhaka
-BE +5050+00420 Europe/Brussels
+BE,LU,NL +5050+00420 Europe/Brussels
BG +4241+02319 Europe/Sofia
BM +3217-06446 Atlantic/Bermuda
-BN +0456+11455 Asia/Brunei
BO -1630-06809 America/La_Paz
BR -0351-03225 America/Noronha Atlantic islands
BR -0127-04829 America/Belem Pará (east); Amapá
CA +4606-06447 America/Moncton Atlantic - New Brunswick
CA +5320-06025 America/Goose_Bay Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
CA,BS +4339-07923 America/Toronto Eastern - ON, QC (most areas), Bahamas
-CA +4901-08816 America/Nipigon Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
-CA +4823-08915 America/Thunder_Bay Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
-CA +6344-06828 America/Iqaluit Eastern - NU (most east areas)
-CA +6608-06544 America/Pangnirtung Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA +6344-06828 America/Iqaluit Eastern - NU (most areas)
CA +4953-09709 America/Winnipeg Central - ON (west); Manitoba
-CA +4843-09434 America/Rainy_River Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
CA +744144-0944945 America/Resolute Central - NU (Resolute)
CA +624900-0920459 America/Rankin_Inlet Central - NU (central)
CA +5024-10439 America/Regina CST - SK (most areas)
CA +690650-1050310 America/Cambridge_Bay Mountain - NU (west)
CA +6227-11421 America/Yellowknife Mountain - NT (central)
CA +682059-1334300 America/Inuvik Mountain - NT (west)
-CA +5946-12014 America/Dawson_Creek MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA +5546-12014 America/Dawson_Creek MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
CA +5848-12242 America/Fort_Nelson MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
CA +6043-13503 America/Whitehorse MST - Yukon (east)
CA +6404-13925 America/Dawson MST - Yukon (west)
CA +4916-12307 America/Vancouver Pacific - BC (most areas)
-CC -1210+09655 Indian/Cocos
CH,DE,LI +4723+00832 Europe/Zurich Swiss time
-CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG +0519-00402 Africa/Abidjan
+CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,IS,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG +0519-00402 Africa/Abidjan
CK -2114-15946 Pacific/Rarotonga
CL -3327-07040 America/Santiago Chile (most areas)
CL -5309-07055 America/Punta_Arenas Region of Magallanes
CL -2709-10926 Pacific/Easter Easter Island
CN +3114+12128 Asia/Shanghai Beijing Time
-CN +4348+08735 Asia/Urumqi Xinjiang Time
+CN,AQ +4348+08735 Asia/Urumqi Xinjiang Time, Vostok
CO +0436-07405 America/Bogota
CR +0956-08405 America/Costa_Rica
CU +2308-08222 America/Havana
CV +1455-02331 Atlantic/Cape_Verde
-CX -1025+10543 Indian/Christmas
CY +3510+03322 Asia/Nicosia Cyprus (most areas)
CY +3507+03357 Asia/Famagusta Northern Cyprus
CZ,SK +5005+01426 Europe/Prague
-DE +5230+01322 Europe/Berlin Germany (most areas)
-DK +5540+01235 Europe/Copenhagen
+DE,DK,NO,SE,SJ +5230+01322 Europe/Berlin Germany (most areas), Scandinavia
DO +1828-06954 America/Santo_Domingo
DZ +3647+00303 Africa/Algiers
EC -0210-07950 America/Guayaquil Ecuador (mainland)
FI,AX +6010+02458 Europe/Helsinki
FJ -1808+17825 Pacific/Fiji
FK -5142-05751 Atlantic/Stanley
-FM +0725+15147 Pacific/Chuuk Chuuk/Truk, Yap
-FM +0658+15813 Pacific/Pohnpei Pohnpei/Ponape
FM +0519+16259 Pacific/Kosrae Kosrae
FO +6201-00646 Atlantic/Faroe
-FR +4852+00220 Europe/Paris
+FR,MC +4852+00220 Europe/Paris
GB,GG,IM,JE +513030-0000731 Europe/London
GE +4143+04449 Asia/Tbilisi
GF +0456-05220 America/Cayenne
IO -0720+07225 Indian/Chagos
IQ +3321+04425 Asia/Baghdad
IR +3540+05126 Asia/Tehran
-IS +6409-02151 Atlantic/Reykjavik
IT,SM,VA +4154+01229 Europe/Rome
JM +175805-0764736 America/Jamaica
JO +3157+03556 Asia/Amman
JP +353916+1394441 Asia/Tokyo
KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT -0117+03649 Africa/Nairobi
KG +4254+07436 Asia/Bishkek
-KI +0125+17300 Pacific/Tarawa Gilbert Islands
+KI,MH,TV,UM,WF +0125+17300 Pacific/Tarawa Gilberts, Marshalls, Tuvalu, Wallis & Futuna, Wake
KI -0247-17143 Pacific/Kanton Phoenix Islands
KI +0152-15720 Pacific/Kiritimati Line Islands
KP +3901+12545 Asia/Pyongyang
LK +0656+07951 Asia/Colombo
LR +0618-01047 Africa/Monrovia
LT +5441+02519 Europe/Vilnius
-LU +4936+00609 Europe/Luxembourg
LV +5657+02406 Europe/Riga
LY +3254+01311 Africa/Tripoli
MA +3339-00735 Africa/Casablanca
-MC +4342+00723 Europe/Monaco
MD +4700+02850 Europe/Chisinau
-MH +0709+17112 Pacific/Majuro Marshall Islands (most areas)
MH +0905+16720 Pacific/Kwajalein Kwajalein
-MM +1647+09610 Asia/Yangon
+MM,CC +1647+09610 Asia/Yangon
MN +4755+10653 Asia/Ulaanbaatar Mongolia (most areas)
MN +4801+09139 Asia/Hovd Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
MN +4804+11430 Asia/Choibalsan Dornod, Sükhbaatar
MQ +1436-06105 America/Martinique
MT +3554+01431 Europe/Malta
MU -2010+05730 Indian/Mauritius
-MV +0410+07330 Indian/Maldives
-MX +1924-09909 America/Mexico_City Central Time
-MX +2105-08646 America/Cancun Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
-MX +2058-08937 America/Merida Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
-MX +2540-10019 America/Monterrey Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
-MX +2550-09730 America/Matamoros Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
-MX +2313-10625 America/Mazatlan Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
-MX +2838-10605 America/Chihuahua Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
-MX +2934-10425 America/Ojinaga Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
-MX +2904-11058 America/Hermosillo Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
-MX +3232-11701 America/Tijuana Pacific Time US - Baja California
-MX +2048-10515 America/Bahia_Banderas Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
-MY +0310+10142 Asia/Kuala_Lumpur Malaysia (peninsula)
-MY +0133+11020 Asia/Kuching Sabah, Sarawak
+MV,TF +0410+07330 Indian/Maldives Maldives, Kerguelen, St Paul I, Amsterdam I
+MX +1924-09909 America/Mexico_City Central Mexico
+MX +2105-08646 America/Cancun Quintana Roo
+MX +2058-08937 America/Merida Campeche, Yucatán
+MX +2540-10019 America/Monterrey Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX +2550-09730 America/Matamoros Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX +2838-10605 America/Chihuahua Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX +3144-10629 America/Ciudad_Juarez Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX +2934-10425 America/Ojinaga Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX +2313-10625 America/Mazatlan Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX +2048-10515 America/Bahia_Banderas Bahía de Banderas
+MX +2904-11058 America/Hermosillo Sonora
+MX +3232-11701 America/Tijuana Baja California
+MY,BN +0133+11020 Asia/Kuching Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei
MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW -2558+03235 Africa/Maputo Central Africa Time
NA -2234+01706 Africa/Windhoek
NC -2216+16627 Pacific/Noumea
NF -2903+16758 Pacific/Norfolk
NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE +0627+00324 Africa/Lagos West Africa Time
NI +1209-08617 America/Managua
-NL +5222+00454 Europe/Amsterdam
-NO,SJ +5955+01045 Europe/Oslo
NP +2743+08519 Asia/Kathmandu
NR -0031+16655 Pacific/Nauru
NU -1901-16955 Pacific/Niue
PF -1732-14934 Pacific/Tahiti Society Islands
PF -0900-13930 Pacific/Marquesas Marquesas Islands
PF -2308-13457 Pacific/Gambier Gambier Islands
-PG,AQ -0930+14710 Pacific/Port_Moresby Papua New Guinea (most areas), Dumont d'Urville
+PG,AQ,FM -0930+14710 Pacific/Port_Moresby Papua New Guinea (most areas), Chuuk, Yap, Dumont d'Urville
PG -0613+15534 Pacific/Bougainville Bougainville
PH +1435+12100 Asia/Manila
PK +2452+06703 Asia/Karachi
PW +0720+13429 Pacific/Palau
PY -2516-05740 America/Asuncion
QA,BH +2517+05132 Asia/Qatar
-RE,TF -2052+05528 Indian/Reunion Réunion, Crozet, Scattered Islands
RO +4426+02606 Europe/Bucharest
RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI +4450+02030 Europe/Belgrade
RU +5443+02030 Europe/Kaliningrad MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
RU +5301+15839 Asia/Kamchatka MSK+09 - Kamchatka
RU +6445+17729 Asia/Anadyr MSK+09 - Bering Sea
SA,AQ,KW,YE +2438+04643 Asia/Riyadh Arabia, Syowa
-SB -0932+16012 Pacific/Guadalcanal
-SC -0440+05528 Indian/Mahe
+SB,FM -0932+16012 Pacific/Guadalcanal Solomons, Pohnpei
SD +1536+03232 Africa/Khartoum
-SE +5920+01803 Europe/Stockholm
SG,MY +0117+10351 Asia/Singapore Singapore, peninsular Malaysia
SR +0550-05510 America/Paramaribo
SS +0451+03137 Africa/Juba
SY +3330+03618 Asia/Damascus
TC +2128-07108 America/Grand_Turk
TD +1207+01503 Africa/Ndjamena
-TF -492110+0701303 Indian/Kerguelen Kerguelen, St Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
-TH,KH,LA,VN +1345+10031 Asia/Bangkok Indochina (most areas)
+TH,CX,KH,LA,VN +1345+10031 Asia/Bangkok Indochina (most areas)
TJ +3835+06848 Asia/Dushanbe
TK -0922-17114 Pacific/Fakaofo
TL -0833+12535 Asia/Dili
TN +3648+01011 Africa/Tunis
TO -210800-1751200 Pacific/Tongatapu
TR +4101+02858 Europe/Istanbul
-TV -0831+17913 Pacific/Funafuti
TW +2503+12130 Asia/Taipei
-UA +5026+03031 Europe/Kiev Ukraine (most areas)
-UA +4837+02218 Europe/Uzhgorod Transcarpathia
-UA +4750+03510 Europe/Zaporozhye Zaporozhye and east Lugansk
-UM +1917+16637 Pacific/Wake Wake Island
+UA +5026+03031 Europe/Kyiv Ukraine (most areas)
US +404251-0740023 America/New_York Eastern (most areas)
US +421953-0830245 America/Detroit Eastern - MI (most areas)
US +381515-0854534 America/Kentucky/Louisville Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
VE +1030-06656 America/Caracas
VN +1045+10640 Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh Vietnam (south)
VU -1740+16825 Pacific/Efate
-WF -1318-17610 Pacific/Wallis
WS -1350-17144 Pacific/Apia
ZA,LS,SZ -2615+02800 Africa/Johannesburg
+#
+# The next section contains experimental tab-separated comments for
+# use by user agents like tzselect that identify continents and oceans.
+#
+# For example, the comment "#@AQ<tab>Antarctica/" means the country code
+# AQ is in the continent Antarctica regardless of the Zone name,
+# so Pacific/Auckland should be listed under Antarctica as well as
+# under the Pacific because its line's country codes include AQ.
+#
+# If more than one country code is affected each is listed separated
+# by commas, e.g., #@IS,SH<tab>Atlantic/". If a country code is in
+# more than one continent or ocean, each is listed separated by
+# commas, e.g., the second column of "#@CY,TR<tab>Asia/,Europe/".
+#
+# These experimental comments are present only for country codes where
+# the continent or ocean is not already obvious from the Zone name.
+# For example, there is no such comment for RU since it already
+# corresponds to Zone names starting with both "Europe/" and "Asia/".
+#
+#@AQ Antarctica/
+#@IS,SH Atlantic/
+#@CY,TR Asia/,Europe/
+#@SJ Arctic/
+#@CC,CX,KM,MG,YT Indian/
projects / factor.git / commitdiff